Chinease theory of discovery of America Essay

There are many theories or ideas on who discovered America first. Many people believe it was Christopher Columbus, the Vikings, or in my case some believe that the Chinese arrived here before Columbus. It is believed by some people that Chinese sailors beat Columbus to America by more than 70 years. Anthropologists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have debunked or out ruled much of the evidence that has been gathered over the years to support this theory. It has been named the 1421 Theory. It is said that sometime 10,000 years ago, the people from China are believed to have crossed over the Bering land bridge from Siberia to what is now Alaska. From there, they are believed to have spread out over the course of millennia. Once they got here they started diverging genetically and populating North and South America. The problem is that the only real evidence they have is maps and some artifacts, which from carbon dating trace back to 2200 B. C. These generally have been found on the coasts of Florida, South Carolina, New York and Canada. Many people believe this theory due to evidence found, like artifacts and maps. Also many people were convinced by books written by scientists, archeologists, and historians. One of these books is 1421: The Year China Discovered America, by Gavin Menzies. It is said that he tells and describes the theory so well. I do believe that it could be possible that China arrived here before Columbus but there are many holes in the theory according to some historians. But over all I do not believe that they beat columbus to the Americas. There just isn’t enough proof and any kind of written or physical evidence to show or prove to me in any way that they were for sure here about 70 years before Christopher Columbus. So I would have to turn down this theory due to the lack of proof given. Citations â€Å"Chinese cartography: China beat Columbus to it, perhaps | The Economist. † The Economist – World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. . Clark, Josh. â€Å"HowStuffWorks â€Å"Did the Chinese beat Columbus to America? â€Å". † HowStuffWorks â€Å"History†. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. . Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia. â€Å"Did Chinese beat out Columbus? – The New York Times. † The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. .

Greek Cosmobob Essay

Cosmo Panetta, a 74 year old immigrant from Greece, living in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada with his wife and two sons. After working odd jobs for ten years, Mr. Panetta used personal savings and a loan from a family member to purchase a variety store. He always dreamed of starting a family business. Panetta eventually sold the variety store and purchased, renovated, and renamed a drive-thru restaurant. A second location was added shortly thereafter. Both sons skipped college to help Panetta run the restaurants. Sales were good and customers returned for the good food and good price. Mr. Panetta’s brainchild food item, The Cosmobob, was praised by patrons of both locations, so he began preparing for mass-market introduction and development. Cosmo was faced with a number of decisions concerning producing The Cosmobob. There was an opportunity to open a third restaurant in the Niagara Falls business district, purchase or rent a new production facility for the Cosmobob, introduce the product on a provincial or national level, and whether to distribute through a food wholesaler or supermarket chains. All of these questions would have to be answered very thoroughly because Cosmo had only $25,000 available before having to turn to a bank. His age, shortage of menu diversification, and lack of higher education in the family would also have to be taken into consideration. In this analysis, we will analyze each situation and recommend the best options for Mr. Panetta, his family and their business. Cosmobob Product & Family Business Cosmo Panetta started his family business in 1975, when he opened his first restaurant in Niagara Falls, Canada. Mr. Panetta, his wife and older son immigrated to Canada from Greece. Mr. Panetta had a passion for starting his own family business. He knew that a variety store could be the way to fulfill this dream; therefore, in 1968, he used his personal savings along with a small family loan to purchase his first store. By 1975, he was presented with the opportunity to sell his variety store to a convenience store chain. Using this money and a loan from the bank, he bought an existing drive-in restaurant at Niagara Falls, which he renovated and named Cosmo’s Drive-in. In 1979, he opened his second location on Lundy Lane. Mr. Panetta always believed that a good location, excellent product, and a fair price were the key ingredients for a successful restaurant. Cosmo’s restaurants are famous for the Cosmobob. In 1998, the Cosmobob accounted for almost 35% of the Thorold location sales and 30% of the Lundy Lane location sales. With this tremendous success in one product, Panetta decided to produce and sell the Cosmobob to other restaurants in the area. An extra room in the back of the Thorold Stone location was used to prepare orders. The restaurant; however, had limited freezer space for storage so a local icehouse was used for $400 per month. Three people were initially hired on a part-time basis at $9.00 per hour to operate the production initiative. The Cosmobob sales went from 100 cases in September to 600 cases by December. Looking at this growth, production staff was increased to six people. Current locations Sales & Profit The Lundy’s lane location was also known as â€Å"the fast food strip† and the second restaurant was located on Thorold Stone Road, a main industrial street. Mr. Panetta managed the Thorold Stone restaurant while his older son Joe managed the Lundy’s lane restaurant. The average sale per customer for the restaurants was $6.88 and most of the customer traffic was recorded during lunch and dinner hours. Cosmo’s restaurant had grown to $480,000 in assets by 1998 with a gross profit of $136, 846 and almost $1,163,000 in sales. Decisions Affecting the Longevity of the Company Sales were promising in both locations and Mr. Panetta knew this could be a great time to inquire about expanding his company and product. He had three options to consider; opening a new store in the upcoming area mall, purchase or lease a facility for mass production, or do both. He also had to decide if he would market his product to the food service market or through supermarket chains. With only $25,000 to invest, he would need to consider a loan. Another question Mr. Panetta was faced with was; would the demand for the Cosmobob be high enough to see a profit within the first few years if he mass produced the product? Canadian Food Market The Canadian food market is a $37.8 billion dollar a year industry which consists of the food service market and retail grocery stores. The food service market includes all meals eaten away from home in schools, hospitals, prisons, nursing homes, hotels, and restaurants. Canadians on average ate 38% of their meals away from home in 1996. Hotels and restaurants serve 960 million meals a year; however, this is a small portion, only 8% of the total food service market. On the other hand, fast food service accounted for 80% of the 960 million meals, totaling 768 million. Within the food market, there are four basic types of food service systems used for delivering entrà ©es: Conventional system, where all food is purchased raw and processed on premises. The Semi-conventional food system; which provided frozen pre-cut meats. The ready food system provided pre-cooked frozen entrà ©es on premises and finally the Total convenience system where 90-95% of all food items were purchased from outside commercial suppliers. 25% of all hotels and restaurants used the total convenience system by 1990. The use of convenience foods helped contribute to the efficiency service during the peak periods of the day, resulting in faster customer service and increased sales volume. Marketing Strategy Mr. Panetta is undecided between two marketing strategies to promote and sell the Cosmobob. Either he can enter into the food service market or distribute through supermarket chains. Distributing through a food wholesaler would require permanently adding pita bread and Cosmo sauce to his offering. Grocery store chains were a larger market than food service; however, the cost would also be substantially higher. Cosmo knew there were no existing â€Å"ready to serve† souvlaki available to the home user. Serca Foods Serca Foods, a national food wholesaler, was interested in carrying the Cosmobob. They would require a 20% margin on the products purchased. Meaning for every Cosmobob case sold at $60, Serca Foods would receive $12. With Serca being a national wholesaler a federal inspection would be necessary for products to be sold in multiple providences. Therefore, Panetta would have to invest an extra $30-40,000 in his production facility to pass the federal government inspection. The complimentary items to the Cosmobob; the pita bread and Cosmobob sauce, were not available in all Ontario markets, resulting in additional working capital needed to cover four weeks of inventory. If the Cosmobob was exclusive to Serca, their salesperson would have the upper hand with its buyers. Cosmo would not have to personally worry about the selling and promoting of his product to the food service market. Small restaurants and hotels liked the convenience of ordering from only one wholesaler, and if only Serca offered the Cosmobob that gave them the opportunity to gain new accounts. Supermarket Chains Federal inspection would be necessary if the Cosmobob was introduced nationally in a supermarket chain. Distributing to the home user would be beneficial to those with large families that could not afford to eat away from home often, and also appeal to people who liked to have comfort food at home. Supermarket chains would expect a 25% margin on the retail selling price, good promotional support, and guaranteed delivery. The delivery to national supermarkets would be an additional cost for Mr. Panetta to consider. Mr. Panetta and his son were the only two conducting sales and demonstration of the product. With the promotional expectations of the supermarket chain, he would need to hire another salesperson in order to meet the demands. There is a $20,000 placement fee per product, per supermarket chain; in addition to samples, free food allowances, advertising, and trade promotion. Consumer promotion for a new product would cost more than $800,000 a year. Table 1 shows the estimated cost and profit if he used Serca Foods and produced and sold 2,400 cases a month. New Opportunity in Victoria Mall Mr. Panetta had an opportunity to open a new store in the upcoming Victoria Avenue Mall area. Compared to his current locations, this restaurant would be closer to the Niagara Falls business district and tourist area, which could possibly generate a lot of exposure to new customers. The estimated inflow to the mall was expected to be 500 cars per day. His target market would include local customers and tourist who visited Niagara Falls. The list of tenants in the mall includes a convenience milk store, hair styling salon, flower shop and a dry cleaner. With this expansion, he projects the new store could generate at least 60% of the Thorold Stone location initially and potentially match it in two years. This would require an investment of about $60,000 towards leasehold improvements and equipment. Table 2 and 3 outlines his initial estimated sales of $322,503 and net income of $10,930. Production Facility Options The facility space being utilized for production has reached its capacity. If Mr. Panetta considers expanding his product on a larger scale and mass produce, he must occupy a facility that can meet the needs of production and service. There are two options available; the mushroom factory and the old dairy farm. The mushroom factory is located outside of Niagara Falls in Grimsby, Ontario. To lease this facility for 3 years it would cost $83,340. In addition, Mr. Panetta would have to provide an upfront cost of $160,000 to cover improvements and mandatory government inspection. Alternatively, the building can be purchased for $460,000 which includes rent, facility improvements and inspection. After conducting a differential analysis, the differential cost from the alternative to buy the mushroom factory compared to leasing would be $216,660. Table 4 outlines the details of this analysis. His second option is the old dairy plant factory. This facility would require a 3 year lease agreement for a total of $103,200 in rent. It would also take an additional $30,000 in leasehold improvements, in order to get the facility ready for operation and $40,000 for government inspection. Mr. Panetta has the option to purchase this location for $470,000. In Table 5, the differential analysis shows a $296,800 net difference in the cost to rent or buy the old dairy plant. Recommendations After conducting a full analysis of Mr. Panetta’s product and the market, we recommend that he pursue a new business opportunity and open a new location in the Victoria Mall. Although the requirement to lease the site is for a minimum of 20 years, with rent exceeding $384,000, there is potential to reach many customers on a daily basis. Sales projected on 60% average of the Thorold location is expected to produce a $10,000 net income within the first year and has the potential to reach Thorold location sales in two years. Opening this new site would require a larger facility in order to mass produce the Cosmobob. The old dairy plant location in Niagara Falls would be the best option. Not only would it allow him to use the same employees, but the capital required to have the plant operational is less expensive. $70,000 would be required upfront compared to $160,000 in improvements and inspections for the alternative location. There is a $296,800 difference in cost to lease the old dairy plant compared to purchase. The lease option is less and it provides the option to discontinue the lease agreement after 3 years if he determines that his net profit is not meeting the company’s expectations. To market the Cosmobob through Serca Foods would be beneficial. While hotels and restaurants only make up 8% of the food service market, they served 960 million meals a year, and 768 are at fast food restaurants. The Cosmobob is a versatile entrà ©e and can be sold at eateries of all price points. The sales force and promotion is guaranteed, and the requested margin on sales is lower than that of supermarkets.

Balance Sheet and Following Account Balances

Retained earnings 109,oho 712,000 712. 000 b. Actual sales for December and budgeted sales for the next four months are as follow s: – December (actual) 2800 units It is expected that sales will increase by 40% in the month of January and by a further 50% in the next month. The following month sales would drop by 50% an d then will will ream remain in cons Tanta for for the next next 2 moon months this – The management will not alter the selling price, which is currently $100 – Management wants finished goods inventory to be 20% of the following month's sales – One units of finished goods require 2 kilos of raw materials. –The price of materials is currently $10 per kilo and is expected to increase by 50% in February hereafter it will remain constant for the next four months. – The management wants raw materials inventory to be 10% of the following month's p reduction needs – Each unit of product requires 2 hours of direct materials fo r completion. – The laborers are expected to work for a total of 4000 hours per month at a wage rat e Of $6 per hour. Any additional work requires an overtime payment of time and a half. – Manufacturing overhead: variable: $5 per labor hours worked; fixed $17000 per MO nth. – Sales are 20% for cash and 80% on credit.Half of the credit sales are collected in the month following sale while the remaining half is collected in second month after the sales. The accounts receivable at December 31 are a result of December credit sales. – Monthly expenses are budgeted as follows: salaries and wages, $10,000 per month: a advertising, $70,000 per month; shipping, 5% of sales; other expenses, 3% of sales. Depreciation, I including depreciation on new assets acquired during the quarter, will be $42,000 for the quart err. – One- half of a month's raw materials purchases is paid for in the month of purchase; the to her half is paid in the following month.Shipping expenses are paid in the month following the shipment. , while advertising I s paid in one month's advance. During February, the company will purchase a new copy machine for $1,700 cash. Du ring March, other equipment will be purchased for cash at a cost of $84,500. – During January, the company will declare and pay $45,000 in cash dividends. – Management wants to maintain a minimum cash balance of $30,000. The company h as an agreement with a local bank that allows the company to borrow in increments of $1,0 00 at the beginning of each month. The interest rate on these loans is 1% per month and for is

Foundation of Marketing(Consumer and Business Buyer Behaviour) Essay

Foundation of Marketing(Consumer and Business Buyer Behaviour) - Essay Example The third process is complexity which refers to the level of difficulty attached to the understanding and â€Å"use† of the product (Armstrong and Kotler 2011,p. 184). Divisibility which is the fourth process, arises when the product â€Å"can be tried on a limited basis† (Armstrong and Kotler 2011, p. 184). The final process is communicability which refers to the extent to which the results of using a product can be observed and shared with others (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). Part II: Comments on Mike’s Letter Mike’s letter explaining why and how he decided on a business degree course highlights some of the stages that consumers go through prior to making a purchase. Mike manifested the relative advantage factor, which is the first characteristic influencing consumer purchase decision-making. Mike’s inquiries and searches demonstrate that he was comparing business degrees for relative superiority. The second characteristic, compatibility was very important to Mike. Mike was looking for a product that accommodated his own time table and his commitments to his family and at the same time left him with some free time.

International Banking and financial Services Term Paper

International Banking and financial Services - Term Paper Example It is a back bone of global banking services. According to the IT benchmarking survey, 85 banks located across 13 countries in this region do not allocate appropriate funds for IT. Various surveys have shown that situations in the matured Asia Pacific markets are slightly different from the emerging markets. It has been noticed that in matured markets banks have increased their spending on IT. In 2010 14.7% of total operating expenses were accounted for IT. In 2011 it increased and became 15.8%. In 2012 the trend decline somewhat and became 15.5%. On the other hand the scenarios in emerging markets are not at all satisfactory. In 2010, 9.4% of total operating expenses were due to IT, the trend continues to lower down. In 2011 it became 9.3% and in 2012 it reduced drastically to 8.1%. The scenario may be fair in case of matured markets of the Asia Pacific regions. But in comparison to European banks the budget allocations of Asia pacific banks in the field of IT are very inappropriate . European banks spend 19% of their total operating costs in the field of IT. It is being observed that banks belonging to the matured markets of Asia Pacific regions are spending their money for strategic changes. Those banks are focusing less towards running the bank. So, automatically their IT spending will focus upon different IT applications rather than IT infrastructure. Different surveys very categorically stated that recently banks from matured markets have started including IT in their business system for the sake of growth and efficiency. The banks are promoting customer centricity, process improvement and channel transformation with the help of IT. On the other hand banks from emerging markets are more focused towards fundamental things and trying to reduce IT complexity. It is very clear from the different surveys that banks from emerging markets of Asia Pacific are trying to catch up business growth and are more focussed towards

Ijarah Contracts Used By Islamic Financial Institutions Essay

Ijarah Contracts Used By Islamic Financial Institutions - Essay Example It assists in strengthening the financial system of the country. The stronger the economy the stronger the country is. There are two kinds of banking systems and they are Islamic banking and the Conventional banking. Islamic banking is significantly different from conventional banking, and some of the differences are discussed in this essay. This report talks about an important feature in banking system i.e. lease. In conventional banks, it is referred to as conventional lease; and in Islamic bank, the lease is known as Ijarah. â€Å"Ijarah derives from the root word ajar a – to recompense, compensate or give a consideration and return. Ajr refers to a worker’s wage, and ujra h to rental payment.† (Kamali n.d.). Ijarah is a Shariah compliant alternative to Conventional lease. Through these two kinds of lease, bank performs as a Lessor and the individual to whom the asset is leased acts as a Lessee. The bank insists the lessee to pay an amount monthly for the use of the asset. The rights of the asset remains with the bank, and only the privileges of use are transferred to the lessee. 2. Types of Ijarah Contracts Used By Islamic Financial Institutions: 2.1 Simple Ijarah (similar to an Operating Lease) In a business world marred by financial uncertainties and increasing costs of operations, Ijarah loans are broadly considered as the safest, easiest, and the most efficient means to finance production procedures. Like all the other forms of Islamic financing, Ijarah too is rooted in the sound economic main attitude laid down by the Sharia. There are different types of Ijarah, each matched to the specific needs of the parties involved in the agreement. â€Å"The two most popular forms of Ijarah loans are the Simple Ijarah or Ijarah as an operating lease and Ijarah thumma al-bai or Ijarah as a financial lease. The distinguishing feature of Ijarah as an operating lease is that the lease contract is not associated with a purchase agreement.† (All About Ijara as an Operating Lease 2005). The following are some of the features of Ijarah as an operating lease: The whole price of the asset, or the part of property specified in the contract is not amortized through the main leasing tenure. The lessee can get out of the contract, that is, stop the Ijarah as an operating lease agreement anytime the lessee wishes to. On the other hand, the lessee should provide a notice prior to doing so. The real ownership of the piece of property or assets mentioned in the agreement is retained by the lessor. This agreement is executed irrespective of the quantity of payment the lessee has tendered, and that identifies the lessor’s insistence to bear every responsibility and risk connected with the ownership. In Ijarah as an operating lease, permits a part of the property to be returned to the lessor at the end of the leasing tenure. The lessor, which can be a bank or any other financial organization, can again lease the property, if i t is a functioning unit, to a different person or business unit. 2.2 Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek (similar to a Financing Lease) Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek is an Ijarah dealing, in which the possession of the subject asset can be relocated to the lessee after the lease term. Ijarah and Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek are by nature mere leasing contracts, in which the subject issue is the usufruct of the property; and not the quantity of cash, as in the case of a finance lease. In other words, it is not a financing deal, and instead, it is an alternative to financing

Organizational Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organizational Structure - Research Paper Example In addition, the description of the purpose of the job allows the human resource manager of an organization to communicate the duties and responsibilities of the position during the hiring and development of employees. Moreover, applicants and employees seeking to develop in the job position are able to understand their scope and level of work as depicted by their job position by thoroughly examining the purpose of the job analysis. During the hiring and development of employees, the specific tasks that are involved in a certain job position should be precisely described in order to outwit ambiguity. Tasks should offer a meaningful and discrete unit of work activity that is carried out by a particular employee in a specified time. Tasks in a particular job position represent an assortment of methods, techniques and procedures required to complete a particular job. A job analysis that clearly describes its tasks allows individuals to apply for such position by presenting their competences, qualifications and abilities during the hiring process. The tasks outlined in the job analysis enables human resource manager in an organization to pinpoint any gap in an individual level thereby perpetuating career management to the employees, which eventually leads to employee development. Human resource managers are able to appraise their employees by accessing the results of the performance in the tasks mandated to a parti cular employee. Job analysis provides the required qualification for the job, which calls for the evaluation of education, knowledge, physical attributes and skills that may help the human resource manager in the selection procedures. In the hiring and employees development procedures, human resource managers establish the level of educational qualifications that are required in a particular job position. Most organization requires a university

Organisational Changes in Kraft-Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Changes in Kraft-Cadbury - Essay Example According to 2009 reports the company had manufacturing facilities throughout the world, the key locations being Africa, Australia, India and Japan (Cadbury-website-d, n.d.). Another significant confectionery organization that has stamped a mark in the history of the food industry is Illinois based Kraft Foods, Inc. (Kraft), that has â€Å"come a long way since J. L. Kraft started selling cheese from a horse-drawn wagon in 1903† (Kraft Foods Inc.-website-a, n.d.). The company had a portfolio of nine major brands, and it claimed that â€Å"Whether watching your weight or preparing to celebrate, grabbing a quick bite or sitting down to family night, we pour our hearts into creating foods that are wholesome and delicious† (Kraft Foods Inc.-website-b, n.d.). Kraft ranks globally second among food companies and talking about its acquisition of Cadbury it says that â€Å"The combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury creates a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery, and quic k meals† (Kraft Foods Inc.-website-c, n.d.). The acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft has given rise to a significant amount of tension among different quarters that range from the management to the union. According to the reports by Clinton Manning and Cecilia Felice, â€Å"Felicity Loudon begged shareholders to reject the 850p a share takeover offer and urged them to keep the 186-year-old company British in memory of her ancestor John Cadbury† (Manning & DFelice, 2010). Further, commenting on the said deal, the legendary investor Warren Buffet, who is also the chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. – the biggest shareholder of Kraft, has said that â€Å"I think it’s a bad deal, I have a lot of doubts† (Frye, McGee & Schectman, 2010).

Is Workplace Drug Testing a Wise Corporate Policy Research Paper

Is Workplace Drug Testing a Wise Corporate Policy - Research Paper Example Why companies enforce drug testing It can not be denied that drug use has substantially changed the norms of behavior among all sectors of society, particularly in the workplace (Carpenter 795; Godfrey and Parrott 30; Walsh 120; Harris 357). Latest available government data showed that 73.8% of full-time workers who use illicit drugs came from only seven industries, namely: accommodation and food services (16.9%); construction (13.7%); arts, entertainment, and recreation (11.6%); information (11.3%); management of companies and enterprises, administrative support, waste management, and remediation services (10.9%); retail trade (9.4%); and other services, except public administration (8.8%) (SAMSHA n. pag.). Violence in the workplace is a serious concern for both workers and employers (Chappell, and Di Martino 15). Interestingly, studies revealed that drug use is a common catalyst of workplace violence (Hanson, Venturelli and Fleckenstein 41). The following reasons summarize employer s’ reasons for implementing drug testing policies: to discourage drug use among employees; negate chances of hiring drug users; identify employees with drug problems and provide assistance for medical intervention; keep the workplace safe; protect the public interest and gain consumer confidence pertaining to workplace safety of their employers; abide by drug testing regulations both on the state and federal levels; and benefit from such programs as the Workers’ Compensation Premium Discount (US Department of Labor par 3). These are the circumstances surrounding the decision of many companies to enforce mandatory drug testing to new recruits and random drug testing to tenured employees. While it is apparent that drug testing is management’s way of adjusting to the changing norms precipitated by drug use among employees, the practice is not readily acceptable for most employees. Management believes that imposing such policy is a necessary evil. Godfrey and Parrot t explained the necessity of curbing drug use among employees on the basis of drug use in the workplace resulting to incurred costs for both management and the employees. This cost is measured according to the impact of drug use on the company productivity. Cost is further broken down into the effect of an employee’s availability to contribute to productivity and the actual productivity of labor while the employee is at work (21). Prevalence of drug testing in the industry Van Fleet and Van Fleet considered safety as the primordial concern of practically all companies especially those working in the assembly line and in medical jobs (74). The trucking industry also conforms to mandated drug testing to ensure the safety of the highways from drug use-related accidents (Jacobson 131). Likewise, transportations companies also police their ranks by complying with the Department of Transportation policy on drug testing (Draper 308). To date, some 40 per cent of companies included i n the Fortune 500 are already enforcing drug screening. These companies, however, revealed that their drug testing policy is more of requirement compliance than admittance that drug use

Obama's Views on War and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obama's Views on War and Terrorism - Essay Example President Obama’s agendas have proved to be stronger and more viable over time. President Obama is a law graduate. President Obama’s years of public services has seen immense achievements. He mentioned numerous pointers, or tasks to be completed, in his Inaugural Speech on 20th January 2009. These included reviving the economy by creating jobs for people, developing renewable energy resources, increasing the educational standards, economic and infrastructure development, scientific research and lowering the healthcare costs, and to make federal budget spending transparent in front of masses. Most of these objectives the president has already achieved and continues to improve on. The inaugural speech also contained a specific emphasis on war on terrorism and how the worldwide contempt and hatred is to be tackled. This is the world’s biggest concern so far and, as United States of America is the most powerful country in the world, it also shoulders a certain respon sibility regarding maintaining peace in the world. President Obama’s Inaugural speech received worldwide viewership and interest for his views and interests on the subject of war and terrorism. President Obama’s Inaugural speech contained specific references to the war-zones of that time. â€Å"We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we’ll work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet† (Obama). It is evident in these words that President Obama, at the time of gaining office, aimed to establish worldwide peace. He intended to retrieve the United States’ army from Iraq which had been deployed during former president Bush’s reign following the 9/11 chaotic incident. Obama’s priorities also included establishing peace in Afghanistan which had also deteriorated into a war zone in search of Al-Qaeda le ader Osama bin Laden and in search of nuclear weapons which were sadly never discovered. President Obama stressed that he would go to any lengths to establish peace in the region by communicating beneficially with both friends and enemies. As a super power of the world, President Obama specifically felt the responsibility of peace and hence placed extra emphasis on it. President Obama’s other notions have been successfully completed or are in the process. 2.6 million Jobs were added to aid the recession-stricken nation of America and for the country’s economic growth. This would also influence the education sector positively as more people would be able to acquire education if personal financial conditions were satisfactory. President Obama’s efforts do not end here as he furthers his cause and plan till the completion of his tenure. President Obama seems to be carrying a huge impact of his law schooling. He is a strict disciplinary regarding corruption and its legal implications. Not only has he applied his legal educational background to federal budget spending by placing it online in plain view of all United States citizens, but the same is also reflected in his foreign policies and his course of action against terrorism. When talking about President Obama’s views on wars, it is imminent that his views before his presidency were hardly any different. â€Å"I am not opposed to all wars. I am opposed to dumb wars† (Obama). It is clear from his 2002 speech against the Iraq

Advantages of Human Genetic Engineering Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Human Genetic Engineering Essay Genetic engineering in its present form has been around for approximately twenty five years. The dictionary defines human genetic engineering as the alteration of an individuals genotype with the aim of choosing the phenotype of a newborn or changing the existing phenotype of a child or adult. There are many social consequences that are associated with genetic engineering which has caused much debate from its beginning in 1970s. The benefits of human genetic engineering are endless, the most predominant advantages include curing genetic diseases, increasing human immunity, and the production of more effective pharmaceuticals. The most promising benefit of human genetic engineering is gene therapy. Gene therapy is the medical treatment of a disease by repairing or replacing defective genes or introducing therapeutic genes to fight the disease. Over the past ten years, certain autoimmune diseases diseases resulting from a disordered immune system reaction and heart disease have been treated with gene therapy. Many diseases, such as Huntingtons disease, Lou Gehrigs disease, or. ALS, and cystic fibrosis are caused by a defective gene. The hope is that soon, through genetic engineering, a cure can be found for these diseases by either inserting a corrected gene, modifying the defective gene, or even performing genetic surgery. Eventually the hope is to completely eliminate certain genetic diseases as well as treat non-genetic diseases with an appropriate gene therapy. Gene therapy researchers are also studying ways to improve a patients immune response to cancer. In this approach, the treatment is used to stimulate the bodys natural ability to attack cancer cells. In one method, researchers take a small blood sample from a patient and insert genes that will cause each cell to produce a protein called a T-cell receptor, or TCR, which is responsible for recognizing antigens and disease fighting antibodies. The genes are transferred into the patients white blood cells and are then given back to the patient. In the body the TCRs then recognize and attach to certain molecules found on the surface of the tumor cells. Finally, the TCRs activate the white blood cells to attack and kill the tumor cells. Scientists are also investigating the insertion of genes into cancer cells to make them more sensitive to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. In other studies, researchers remove healthy blood-forming stem cells from the body, insert a gene that makes these cells more resistant to the side effects of high doses of anticancer drugs, and then inject the cells back into the patient. Human genetic engineering can also be used as a disease preventative by increasing ones immunity. People infected with a serious illness may not show symptoms of the disease for long periods of time. These latent, or inactive, infections can develop into an active disease without warning and also can be passed on to others. This new approach focuses on controlling or stimulating the immune system to cure latent infections and prevent them from causing disease. This research in immunity has the potential to significantly reduce illness, death, and disease transmission. An example of this preventative application is the improvement in the treatment of HIV. The AIDS/HIV disease is a viral infection that destroys immune responses. The disease can be treated with drugs, however these drugs do not eliminate the virus from the body. Currently a patient must remain on these drugs for the remainder of their life. The purpose of genetic engineerings pre-clinical studies is to advance towards clinical trials with a cell-based method of enhancing the patients own immune response against the virus. This approach involves identifying anti-HIV receptors that will be introduced into the patients own blood-forming stem cells. This approach has the potential to provide long-term immune control of virus replication, and may require only one or a few administrations. Another benefit from the study of human gene altering is with the creation of new drugs. Pharmaceutical advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to use plants as factories for protein production. Plant-made pharmaceuticals are made by inserting a segment of DNA that encodes the protein of choice into plant cells. The plants or plant cells are essentially factories used to produce the desired proteins and are only grown for the purpose of human pharmaceuticals. An example of this pharmaceutical application is gene splicing, one of the earliest uses of genetic engineering. Gene splicing was first used to manufacture large amounts of insulin, which was made using cells of E. coli bacteria. Interferon, which is used to eliminate certain viruses and kill cancer cells, is also a product of genetic engineering. Another byproduct is a type of human growth hormone; its used to treat dwarfism and is produced through genetically engineered bacteria and yeasts. Today, research in the field of human genetic engineering continues to be used in the production of a variety of drugs and hormones for medical advantages. Human genetic engineering the application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that allow manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits is a topic that had been debated about for many years. The field of human genetic engineering is growing and changing at a tremendous pace. Future advance in genetic engineering could possibly eliminate diseases, deformities, prolong life, and overall improve human life.

Six Stroke Ic Engine Essay Example for Free

Six Stroke Ic Engine Essay 1. INTRODUCTION A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. Diesel engines have wide range of utilization for automobiles, locomotives marines and co-generation systems. However, large problem is still related to undesirable emission. The six-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine based on the four-stroke engine but with additional complexity to make it more efficient and reduce emissions. Two different types of six-stroke engine have been developed: In the first approach, the engine captures the heat lost from the four-stroke Otto cycle or Diesel cycle and uses it to power an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. Designs use either steam or air as the working fluid for the additional power stroke. The pistons in this type of six-stroke engine go up and down three times for each injection of fuel. There are two power strokes: one with fuel, the other with steam or air. The currently notable designs in this class are the Crower Six-stroke engine invented by Bruce Crower of the U.S. ; the Bajulaz engine by the Bajulaz S.A. company of Switzerland; and the Velozeta Six-stroke engine built by the College of Engineering, at Trivandrum in India. The second approach to the six-stroke engine uses a second opposed piston in each cylinder that moves at half the cyclical rate of the main piston, thus giving six piston movements per cycle. Functionally, the second piston replaces the valve mechanism of a conventional engine but also increases the compression ratio. The currently notable designs in this class include two designs developed independently: the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian Malcolm Beare, and the German Charge pump, invented by Helmut Kottmann. To improve exhaust emissions from diesel engines, a new concept of Six Stroke Engine has been proposed. This engine has a second compression and combustion processes before exhaust process. [pic] Fig 1 Diesel engine sectional view Fig 2 Ideal Otto cycle [pic] Fig 3 Pressure- Volume diagrams for dual cycle As the fuel in one cycle was divided into two combustion processes and the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) effect appeared in the second combustion process, the decreased maximum cylinder temperature reduced Nitrous Oxide (NO) concentration in the exhaust gas. It was further confirmed that soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process .Therefore, a six stroke diesel engine has significant possibilities to improve combustion process because of its more controllable factors relative to a conventional four-stroke engine. Since the cylinder temperature before the second combustion process is high because of an increased temperature in the first combustion process, ignition delay in the second combustion process should be shortened. In addition, typically less desirable low cetane number fuels might also be suitable for use in the second combustion process, because the long ignition delays of these fuels might be improved by increased cylinder temperatures from the first combustion process. Methanol was chosen as the fuel of the second combustion. The cetane number of methanol is low and it shows low ignitability. However, since methanol will form an oxidizing radical (OH) during combustion, it has the potential to reduce the soot produced in the first combustion process. [pic] Fig 4 Comparison of 4 stroke and 6 stroke cycle 2. BAJULAZ SIX STROKE ENGINE The majority of the actual internal combustion engines, operating on different cycles have one common feature, combustion occurring in the cylinder after each compression, resulting in gas expansion that acts directly on the piston (work) and limited to 180 degrees of crankshaft angle. According to its mechanical design, the six-stroke engine with external and internal combustion and double flow is similar to the actual internal reciprocating combustion engine. However, it differentiates itself entirely, due to its thermodynamic cycle and a modified cylinder head with two supplementary chambers: Combustion, does not occur within the cylinder within the cylinder but in the supplementary combustion chamber, does not act immediately on the piston, and it’s duration is independent from the 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation that occurs during the expansion of the combustion gases (work). The combustion chamber is totally enclosed within the air-heating chamber. By heat exchange through the glowing combustion chamber walls, air pressure in the heating chamber increases and generate power for an a supplementary work stroke. Several advantages result from this, one very important being the increase in thermal efficiency. IN the contemporary internal combustion engine, the necessary cooling of the combustion chamber walls generates important calorific losses. 2.1 Analysis: Six-stroke engine is mainly due to the radical hybridization of two- and four-stroke technology. The six-stroke engine is supplemented with two chambers, which allow parallel function and results a full eight-event cycle: two four-event-each cycles, an external combustion cycle and an internal combustion cycle. In the internal combustion there is direct contact between air and the working fluid, whereas there is no direct contact between air and the working fluid in the external combustion process. Those events that affect the motion of the crankshaft are called dynamic events and those, which do not effect are called static events. [pic] Fig 5 Prototype of Six stroke engine internal view 1. Intake valve, 2.Heating chamber valve, 3.Combustion chamber valve,4. Exhaust valve, 5.Cylinder, 6.Combustion chamber, 7. Air heating chamber, 8.Wall of combustion chamber, 9.Fuel injector and 10.Heater plug. 2.1.1 Analysis of events [pic] Fig 6 Event 1: Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event) 1. Intake valve. 2. Heating chamber valve 3. Combustion chamber valve. 4. Exhaust valve 5. Cylinder 6. Combustion chamber. 7. Air heating chamber. 8. Wall of combustion chamber. 9. Fuel injector. 10. Heater plug. [pic] Fig 7 Event 2: Pure air compression in the heating chamber. Event 3: Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). [pic] Fig 8 Event 4: Expansion of the Super heat air in the cylinder work (dynamic Event). [pic] Fig 9 Event 5: Re-compressions of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event). Events 6: fuel injection and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). [pic] Fig 10 Events 7: Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). [pic] Fig 11 Events 8: Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event). [pic] Fig 12 Six-stroke engine cycle diagram: 2.1.2 External combustion cycle: (divided in 4 events): No direct contact between the air and the heating source. e1. (Event 1) Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event). e2. (Event 2) Compression of pure air in the heating chamber (dynamic event). e3. (Event 3) Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). e4. (Event 4) Expansion of the super heated air in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). 2.1.3 Internal combustion cycle: (divided in 4 events) Direct contact between the air and the heating source. I1. (Event 5) Re-compression of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event) I2. (Event 6) Fuel injection and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). I3. (Event 7) Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). I4. (Event 8) Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event). 2.2 Constructional details: The sketches shows the cylinder head equipped with both chambers and four valves of which two are conventional (intake and exhaust). The two others are made of heavy-duty heat-resisting material. During the combustion and the air heating processes, the valves could open under the pressure within the chambers. To avoid this, a piston is installed on both valve shafts which compensate this pressure. Being a six-stroke cycle, the camshaft speed in one third of the crankshaft speed. The combustion chambers walls are glowing when the engine is running. Their small thickness allows heat exchange with the air-heating chamber, which is surrounding the combustion chamber. The air-heating chamber is isolated from the cylinder head to reduce thermal loss. Through heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the heating chamber, the work is distributed over two strokes, which results in less pressure on the piston and greater smoothness of operation. In addition, since the combustion chamber is isolated from the cylinder by its valves, the moving parts, especially the piston, are not subject to any excessive stress from the very high temperatures and pressures. They are also protected from explosive combustion or auto-ignition, which are observed on ignition of the air-fuel mixture in conventional gas or diesel engines. The combustion and air-heating chambers have different compression ratio. The compression ratio is high for the heating chamber, which operates on an external cycle and is supplied solely with pure air. On the other hand, the compression ratio is low for the combustion chamber because of effectively increased volume, which operates on internal combustion cycle. The combustion of all injected fuel is insured, first, by the supply of preheated pure air in the combustion chamber, then, by the glowing walls of the chamber, which acts as multiple spark plugs. In order to facilitate cold  starts, the combustion chamber is fitted with a heater plug (glow plug). In contrast to a diesel engine, which requires a heavy construction, this multi-fuel engine, which can also use diesel fuel, may be built in a much lighter fashion than that of a gas engine, especially in the case of all moving parts. Injection and combustion take place in the closed combustion chamber, therefore at a constant volume, over 360 degrees of crankshaft angle. This feature gives plenty of time for the fuel to burn ideally, and releases every potential calorie (first contribution to pollution reduction). The injection may be split up, with dual fuel using the SNDF system (Single Nozzle, Dual Fuel). The glowing walls of the combustion chamber will calcite the residues, which are deposited there during fuel combustion (second contribution to pollution reduction). As well as regulating the intake and exhaust strokes, the valves of the heating and the combustion chambers allow significantly additional adjustments for improving efficiency and reducing noise. 2.3 Factors Contributing To the Increased Thermal Efficiency, Reduced Fuel Consumption, and Pollutant Emission 1. The heat that is evacuated during the cooling of a conventional engine’s cylinder head is recovered in six-stroke engine by air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion chamber. 2. After intake, air is compressed in the heating chamber and heated through 720 degrees of crankshaft angle, 360 degrees of which in closed chamber (external combustion). 3. The transfer of heat from thin walls of the combustion chamber to the air heating chambers lowers the temperature, pressure of gases on expansion and exhaust (internal combustion). 4. Better combustion and expansion of gases that take place over 540 degrees of crankshaft rotation, 360 ° of which is in closed combustion chamber, and 180 ° for expansion. 5. Elimination of the exhaust gases crossing with fresh air on intake. In the six stroke-engines, intake takes place on the first stroke and exhaust on the fourth stroke. 6. Large reduction in cooling power. The water pump and fan outputs are reduced. Possibility to suppress the water cooler. 7. Less inertia due  to the lightness of the moving parts. 8. Better filling of the cylinders on the intake due to the lower temperature of the cylinder walls and the piston head. 9. The glowing combustion chamber allows the finest burning of any fuel and calcinate the residues. 10. Distribution of the work: two expansions (power strokes) over six strokes, or a third more than the in a four-stroke engine. Since the six-stroke engine has a third less intake and exhaust than a four stroke engine, the depression on the piston during intake and the back pressure during exhaust are reduced by a third. The gain in efficiency balances out the losses due to the passage of air through the combustion chamber and heating chamber valves, during compression of fresh and superheated air. Recovered in the six-stroke engine By the air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion. Friction losses, theoretically high er in the six-stroke engine, are balanced by a better distribution of pressure on the moving parts due to the work being spread over two strokes and the elimination of the direct combustion. 3. DUAL FUEL SIX STROKE ENGINE 3.1 Working The cycle of this engine consists of six strokes: 1. Intake stroke 2. First compression stroke 3. First combustion stroke 4. Second compression stroke 5. Second combustion stroke 6. Exhaust stroke [pic] Fig 13 Concept of a Six-stroke diesel engine 3.1.1 Intake or Suction stroke To start with the piston is at or very near to the T.D.C., the inlet valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. A rotation is given to the crank by the energy from a flywheel or by a starter motor when the engine is  just being started. As the piston moves from top to bottom dead centre the rarefaction is formed inside the cylinder i.e. the pressure in the cylinder is reduced to a value below atmospheric pressure. The pressure difference causes the fresh air to rush in and fill the space vacated by the piston. The admission of air continues until the inlet valve closes at B.D.C. 3.1.2 First Compression stroke Both the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The air is compressed up to compression ratio that depends upon type of engine. For diesel engines the compression ratio is 12-18 and pressure and temperature towards the end of compression are 35-40 kgf/cm2 and 600-700 0C 3.1.3 First combustion stroke This stroke includes combustion of first fuel (most probably diesel) and expansion of product of combustion. The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches T.D.C. Here the fuel in the form of fine spray is injected in the combustion space. The atomization of the fuel is accomplished by air supplied. The air entering the cylinder with fuel is so regulated that the pressure theoretically remains constant during burning process. In airless injection process, the fuel in finely atomized form is injected in combustion chamber. When fuel vapors raises to self ignition temperature, the combustion of accumulated oil commences and there is sudden rise in pressure at approximately constant volume. The combustion of fresh fuel injected into the cylinder continues and this ignition is due to high temperature developed in engine cylinder. However this latter combustion occurs at approximately constant pressure. Due to expansion of gases piston moves downwards. The reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary motion of crankshaft by connecting  rod and crank. During expansion the pressure drop is due to increase in volume of gases and absorption of heat by cylinder walls. 3.1.4 Second compression stroke Both the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The combustion products from the first compression stroke are recompressed and utilized in the second combustion process before the exhaust stroke. In typical diesel engine combustion the combustion products still contains some oxygen. 3.1.5 Second combustion stroke This stroke includes combustion of second fuel having low cetane (Cetane number of fuel is defined as percent volume of cetane (C16H34) in a mixture of cetane and alpha-methyl-naphthalene that produces the same delay period or ignition lag as the fuel being tested under same operating conditions on same engine). The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches to TDC. The second fuel injected into recompressed burnt gas can be burnt in the second combustion process. In other words combustion process of the second fuel takes place in an internal full EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) of the first combustion. This second combustion process was the special feature of the proposed Six Stroke DI Diesel Engine. 3.1.6 Exhaust stroke The exhaust valve begins to open when the power stroke is about to complete. A pressure of 4-5 kgf/cm2 at this instant forces about 60% of burnt gases into the exhaust manifold at high speed. Much of the noise associated with automobile engine is due to high exhaust velocity. The remainder of burnt gases is cleared of the swept volume when the piston moves from TDC to BDC. During this stroke pressure inside the cylinder is slightly above the atmospheric value. Some of the burnt gases are however  left in the clearance space. The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC. The inlet valve opens slightly before the end of exhaust stroke and cylinder is ready to receive the fresh air for new cycle. Since from the beginning of the intake stroke the piston has made six strokes through the cylinder (Three up And Three down). In the same period crank shaft has made three revolutions. Thus for six stroke cycle engine there are two power strokes for every three revolutions of crank shaft. 3.2 Performance analysis 3.2.1 Modification over four stroke diesel engine This six-stroke diesel engine was made from a conventional four-stroke diesel engine with some modification. A sub-shaft was added to the engine, in order to drive a camshaft and injection pumps. The rotation speed of the sub-shaft was reduced to 1/3 of the rotation of an output shaft. To obtain similar valve timings between a four-stroke and a six-stroke diesel engine, the cam profile of the six-stroke diesel engine was modified. In order to separate the fuels, to control each of the injection timings and to control each injection flow rate in the first and the second combustion processes, the six-stroke diesel engine was equipped with two injection pumps and two injection nozzles. The injection pumps were of the same type as is used in the four-stroke diesel engine. The nozzle is located near the center of a piston cavity, and has four injection holes. For the six-stroke diesel engine, one extra nozzle was added on the cylinder head. This extra nozzle was of the same design as that of the four-stroke engine. [pic] Fig 14 Volume –Angle diagram for six stroke engine Diesel fuel for the first combustion process was injected through this extra nozzle, and methanol for the second combustion process was injected through the center nozzle. Here, we denoted the injection timing of the four  stroke diesel engine as Xi. The injection timings of the first and second combustion strokes for the six-stroke diesel engine are shown as Xi I and Xi II, respectively. Crank angle X was measured from the intake BDC. In the six-stroke engine, crank angle of the first combustion TDC is 180 degrees. The second combustion TDC is 540 degrees. Specifications of the test engines are shown in Table 1. The conventional four-stroke diesel engine that was chosen as the basis for these experiments was a single cylinder, air cooled engine with 82 mm bore and 78 mm stroke. The six-stroke engine has the same engine specifications except for the valve timings. However, the volumetric efficiency of the six-stroke engine showed no significant difference from that of the four-stroke engine. Characteristics of the six-stroke diesel engine were compared with the conventional four-stroke diesel engine. In this paper, the engine speed (Ne) was fixed at 2,000 rpm. Cylinder and line pressure indicators were equipped on the cylinder head. NO concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence’s NO meter, and soot emission was measured by a Bosch smoke meter. The physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol are shown in Table. 2. Since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol are different, injection flow rates of the first and the second combustion processes are defined by the amount of combustion heat. Here, the supplied combustion heat for the first combustion process is denoted by QI. The second combustion stroke is denoted by QII. The ratio of QII to Qt (Qt = QI+QII) supplied combustion heat per cycle) is defined as the heat allocation ratio ÃŽ ±H: ÃŽ ±H = QII = QII QI +QII Qt Table 1. Specifications of the test engine: Four stoke Six stroke Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Engine type DI, Single cylinder, Air cooled, OHV Bore x Stroke [mm] 82 x 78 Displacement [cc] 412 Top Clearance [mm] 0.9 Cavity Volume [cc] 16 Compression ratio 21 Intake Valve Open100 BTDC70 BTDC Intake valve Close1400 BTDC1450 BTDC Exhaust Valve Open1350 ATDC1400 ATDC Exhaust Valve Close120 ATDC30 ATDC Valve Overlap 220 100 Rated power 5.9 kW /3000rpm Base Engine - Table 2. Physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol: | |Diesel Fuel |Methanol | |Combustion heat [MJ/kg] |42.7 |19.9 | |Cetane number |40-55 |3.0 | |Density [kg/m2] |840 |793 | |Theoretical air-fuel ratio |14.6 |6.5 | 3.3 Performance of six stroke diesel engine 3.3.1 Comparison with four stroke diesel engine A four-stroke engine has one intake stroke for every two engine rotations. For the six-stroke engine, however, the intake stroke took place once for every three engine rotations. In order to keep the combustion heat per unit time constant, the combustion heat supplied to one six-stroke cycle should be 3 or 2 times larger than that of the four-stroke engine. There are many ways to compare performance between the four-stroke and six-stroke engines. For this paper, the authors have chosen to compare  thermal efficiency or SFC at same output power. If the thermal efficiency was the same in both engines, the same output power would be produced by the fuels of equivalent heats of combustion. Therefore, in order to make valid comparison, fuels supplied per unit time were controlled at the same value for both engines and engine speeds were kept constant. In this section, fuel supplied for the engines was only a diesel fuel. Performance of the six-stroke engine was compared with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. Detailed conditions for comparison of the four-stroke and six-stroke engines are listed in Table. 3. The heat allocation ratio of the six-stroke engine was set at ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. Injection flow rate of fuel was Qt4 = 0.50 KJ/cycle for the four-stroke engine and Qt6 = 0.68 KJ/cycle for the six stroke engine. For six stroke engine, it meant that the amount of 0.34KJ was supplied at each combustion process. At the viewpoint of combustion heat, 0.75 KJ/cycle of heat should be supplied for the six stroke engine to make the equivalence heat condition. However diesel fuel of 0.68 KJ/cycle was supplied here because of difficulties associated with methanol injection. Injection timing of the four-stroke engine was changed from 160 degrees (200BTDC) to 180 degrees (TDC). For six -stroke engine, the injection timing of the first combustion process was fixed to 165 degrees (15 °BTDC) or 174 degrees (6 °BTDC), and the second injection timing was changed from 520 degrees (2000 BTDC) to 540 degrees (TDC). [pic] Fig 15 Valve timing diagram four stroke engine Table 3. Detailed conditions of comparison between the four stroke and six stroke diesel engines and performance of engine | |Four Stroke |Six Stroke | |Engine Parameters |Diesel Engine |Diesel Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2007 |2016 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [KJ/cycle] |0.50 |0.68 | |Supplied combustion heat per unit time Ht [KJ/s] | | | | |8.36 |7.62 | |Intake air flow per cycle | | | |Ma [mg/cycle] |358.7 |371.4 | |Injection quantity per cycle | | | |Mf [mg/cycle] |11.8 |16 | | | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |2.40 |1.83 | |Intake air flow per unit time | | | |Ma [g/cycle] |6.00 |4.16 | |Injection quantity per unit time | | | |Mf [g/sec] |0.197 |0.179 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |15.52 |15.28 | |Brake power Lb [KW] |3.26 |3.24 | |BSFC. b [ g / KW-h] |217.9 |520.3 | |IMEP Pi [Kgf / cm2] |5.94 |4.37 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |19.10 |18.71 | |Indicated power Li [KW] |4.01 |3.75 | |ISFC bi [g / KW-h ] |177.2 |163.3 | Indicated torque of the six-stroke engine is almost same level with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. NO concentration in exhaust gas of the six-stroke engine was lower than that of the four-stroke engine. NO emissions from both engines were reduced by the retard of injection timing. The effect of retard in the second injection timing of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the retard in the four-stroke engine. For the six-stroke engine, from the comparison between Xi I = 165 degrees (15 °BTDC) and Xi I = 174 degrees (6 °BTDC), it seemed that the NO reduction effect appeared with the timing retard in the first combustion process. Soot emission in the exhaust gas of the four-stroke engine was low level and it was not affected by the timing retard of injection. However, the level of soot emission from the six-stroke engine was strongly affected by the timing of the second injection. When the injection timing was advanced from 528 degrees (12 ° BTDC), it was confirmed that the soot emission was lower than that of the four-stroke engine. From numerical analysis, it was considered that the soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process. On the contrary, when the injection timing was retarded from 528 degrees (12 ° BTDC), soot emission increased with the timing retard. Then, it was considered that the increased part of the soot was formed in the second combustion process because an available period for combustion was shortened with the retard of injection timing. Experimental conditions were Xi = Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and XiII=530 degrees (100 BTDC). The heat allocation ratio of six stroke engine was ÃŽ ±H=0.5. The cylinder temperature and heat release rate were calculated from the cylinder pressure. The pattern of heat release rate in the first combustion stroke of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the heat release rate of the four-stroke engine. It was the typical combustion pattern that contained a pre-mixed combustion and diffusion combustion. On the other hand, since an increase of cylinder temperature in the second combustion process was caused by the compression of the burned gas formed in the first combustion stroke, a pre-mixed combustion in the second combustion process was suppressed by a short ignition delay. The maximum cylinder temperature in the first combustion process was lower than that in the four-stroke engine. It was caused by smaller amount of fuel which was injected in the first combustion process. Considering these results, it was proved that NO concentration in the exhaust gas was reduced by the decrease of the maximum cylinder temperature in the first co mbustion process and EGR effect in the second combustion process. The performance of these two engines could be compared by Table. 3. Since BSFC of the six-stroke engine obtained by the brake power suffered, SFC is compared with ISFC for the Xi = 163 degree (170 BTDC), ISFC of the four-stroke engine was 177.2 g/KW-h. On the other hand, for the Xi I = 165 degrees (15 ° BTDC) and Xi II = 523 degrees (170 BTDC), I.S the six-stroke engine was 163.3 g/KW-h. i.e. ISFC of the six-stroke engine was slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine. It was considered that this advantage in ISFC was caused by a small cut-off ratio of constant pressure combustion. Because, in the six-stroke engine proposed here, the fuel divided into two combustion processes resulted in a short combustion period of each combustion process. Furthermore, in the reduction of NO emission, the six-stroke engine was superior to the four-stroke engine. 3.3.2 Effect of heat allocation ratio Injection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (1000 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Both fuels in the first and second combustion processes were diesel fuel. Total fuel at the combustion heat basis was Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle. It meant a high load in this engine because the total excess air ratio was 1.83 as previously shown in Table 3. The maximum value of the indicated torque appeared around ÃŽ ±H = 0.5 NO concentration in exhaust gas was reduced by an increase of heat allocation ratio. In other words, NO emission decreased with an increase of the fuel of the second combustion process. In the case of ÃŽ ±H = 0.5, there is a relatively long ignition delay in the first combustion process and pre-mixed combustion was the main combustion phenomena in it. NO of high concentration was formed in this pre-mixed combustion process. On the other hand, in the case of ÃŽ ±H = 1, diffusion combustion was the main combustion phenomena and NO emission was low. Soot emission in exhaust gas increased with an increase of heat allocation ratio. Since the injection flow rate in the second combustion process increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio, the injection period increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. It caused the second combustion process to be long, and unburnt fuel that was the origin of soot remained after the second combustion process. The heat release rates on ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 and ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. For ÃŽ ±H =0.15, since injection flow rate in the first combustion process was high and injection period in it was long, the combustion period in the first combustion process became long as compared with case of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. On the other hand, for ÃŽ ±H = 0.85, the combustion period in the second combustion process became long as compared with case of ÃŽ ±H=0.15. It was also observed that the long combustion periods in both the first and second combustion were caused by the long diffusion combustion. Further, diffusion combustion was the main combustion phenomena of the second combustion process. When the heat allocation ratio was 0.85, the ratio of heat release rates between the first and second combustion should be 15: 85, however the actual ratio obtained from the figure was 46: 54. This inconsistency was caused from the drift of the base lines of the heat release diagrams. For ÃŽ ±H = 0.15, the actual ratio of heat release rates was 73: 27 with the similar reason. The cylinder temperature for the ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of the ÃŽ ±H = 0.85 condition. This could be explained as follows. In the first combustion stroke, since the injection flow rate of ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 was higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85, the combustion temperature for the ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. In the second compression stroke, since the high temperature burned gas was re-compressed, the temperature of ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 was also higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. As a result, the temperature at the beginning of the second combustion stroke was high in ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition as compared with ÃŽ ±H = 0.85 condition. At the later stage of the second combustion, however, the opposite relationship between these two temperatures were observed, because the injection flow rate of the second combustion process was low in ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition. The maximum temperatures in the first and second combustion process decreased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Then, it could be concluded that the reduction of NO concentration with the heat allocation ratio, was caused by the decrease of the cylinder temperature. 3.4 Performance of the dual fuel six stroke diesel engine 3.4.1 Comparison with diesel fuel six stroke engine Operating conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines are shown in Table. 4. Experimental conditions were Xi I= 170 degrees (100 BTDC), Xi II = 530 degrees (10o BTDC) and ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. In dual fuel six-stroke engine, diesel fuel and methanol were supplied into first and second combustion process, independently. Combustion heats supplied per one cycle of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engines were same. The combustion heat supplied per one cycle was selected as Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle under the middle load condition. Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was compared with the diesel fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process. Indicated torques of both engines was revealed constant around 15 N-m. As a result, it could be concluded that states of combustion of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines had similar contributions on the engine performance. NO emissions from the dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than those of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine. This effect appeared prominently at the advanced injection timing of the second combustion. Further, NO concentrations of both engines were reduced by the injection timing retard in the second combustion. [pic] Fig 16 Torque- Angle diagram for six stroke engine Soot emission in the exhaust gas of the diesel fuel six stroke engines increased with a retard of the injection timing in the second combustion. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the exhaust level of soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process. Soot was formed clearly by the combustion of diesel fuel in the first combustion process and it was oxidized in the second combustion process. Considering these results, it was possible to estimate that soot was almost oxidized by methanol combustion in the second combustion process. This estimation is supported by a dual fuel diesel engine operated with diesel fuel methanol. The combustion heat supplied per one cycle was selected as Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle under the high load condition. Indicated torques of both engines was also revealed constant around 20 N-m. NO concentration had the same tendency as the cases of the middle load. Soot emission level of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was high in this high load condition. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, however, soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process. The performance of these engines was compared in Table. 4. For the second combustion process, since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol were different, injection quantities of both engines were different. BSFC and ISFC of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was sensibly higher than that of the diesel fuel engine. To compare the performance of these engines, injection quantity of both engines was defined by an amount of combustion heat, and SFC should be calculated from it. As a result, indicated specific heat consumption of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was 5.59 MJ/KW-h, and that of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was 5.43 MJ/KW-h. For the high load conditions shown in Table. 5, the similar advantage of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was observed. Table 4. Detailed conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engines and performance of engines under ÃŽ ±H = 0.5 and middle load | |Diesel Fuel Six Stroke Diesel |Dual Fuel Six Stroke | | |Engine |Diesel Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2016 |2003 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [KJ/cycle] |0.43 | | |Injection quantity per cycle |5.0 | | |(First Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) | | |Mf1 [mg/cycle] | | | |Injection quantity per cycle |5.0 |10.7 | |(Second Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) |(Methanol) | |Mf2 [mg/cycle] | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |2.98 |3.15 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |3.14 |3.14 | |Brake power Lb [KW] |0.66 |0.66 | |B.S.F.C. b [ g / KW-h] | 610.9 |952.9 | |I.M.E.P. Pi [Kgf / cm2] |3.43 |3.53 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |16.70 |15.12 | |Indicated power Li [KW] |3.1 |2.77 | |I.S.F.C. bi [g / KW-h ] |130.1 |198.4 | |Indicated specific heat consumption | | | |bi’ [MJ /KW-h] |5.59 |5.43 | In order to confirm the advantage of dual fuel six-stroke engine, the performance of these engines was compared with four-stroke engine as shown in Table. 6. NO concentrations of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines were improved with 85 90% as compared with that of the four-stroke engine. Soot emission of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was much higher than that of the four-stroke engine. However, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot level was very low. Furthermore, the indicated specific heat consumption of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than that of the four-stroke engine. Especially, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the indicated specific heat consumption was improved with 15% as compared with that of the four stroke engine. From these results, it could be confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was superior to the diesel fuel six-stroke engine, and also it was superior to the four-stroke engine. Table 6. Percentage improvements of exhaust emission and specific heat consumption | |Four Stroke Diesel | Six Stroke Diesel Engine|Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine | | |Engine | | | |NO [ppm] | |113 |90.5 | |( % improvement) |768 |(85.3%) |(88.2%) | |Soot [%] | |28.8 |0 | |(%improvement) |6.8 |(- 323.5%) |(100%) | |Indicated specific heat consumption bi’ | | | | |[MJ/KW-h] |7.51 |6.61 |6.37 | |(% improvement) | |(12.0%) |(15.2%) | Table 5. Detailed conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engine and performance of engines under ÃŽ ±H =0.5 and high load | | Six Stroke Diesel Engine |Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2016 |2006 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [kJ/cycle] |0.68 | | |Injection quantity per cycle |8.0 | | |(First Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) | | |Mf1 [mg/cycle] | | | |Injection quantity per cycle |8.0 |17.2 | |(Second Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) |(Methanol) | |Mf2 [mg/cycle] | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |1.86 |1.93 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |6.18 |6.08 | |Brake power Lb [kW] |1.52 |1.5 | |B.S.F.C. b [ g / kW.h] | 504.0 |777.7 | |I.M.E.P. Pi [kgf / cm2] |4.56 |4.75 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |21.68 |20.38 | |Indicated power Li [kW] |3.45 |2.98 | |I.S.F.C. bi [g / kW.h ] |155.5 |236.2 | |Indicated specific heat consumption | | | |bi’ [MJ /kW.h] |6.61 |6.37 | 3.4.2 Effect of injection timing Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process was investigated on middle and high load. Experimental conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under both load conditions had the similar tendency with the timing retard. NO concentrations in the high load condition were higher than those of the middle load condition. However, soot emission levels of both load conditions were extremely low under various injection timings of the second combustion. 3.4.3 Effect of heat allocation ratio Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various heat allocation ratios was investigated on middle and high load. Injection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Since the combustion heat of methanol was low, experimental range of heat allocation ratio was limited by the smooth operation of the engine. Only the range from ÃŽ ±H = 0.25 to 0.75 (on Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle), and from ÃŽ ±H = 0 to 0.5 (on Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle) could be tested.. Indicated torque increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. NO concentration in exhaust gas was reduced with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Soot was very low, irrespective of the methanol flow rate. Even if the load condition was high, it was concluded that soot was practically eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process (8% of total fuel). 4. ADVANTAGES OF SIX STROKE OVER FOUR STROKE ENGINES The six stroke is thermodynamically more efficient because the change in volume of the power stroke is greater than the intake stroke, the compression stroke and the Six stroke engine is fundamentally superior to the four stroke because the head is no longer parasitic but is a net contributor to – and an integral part of – the power generation within exhaust stroke. The compression ration can be increased because of the absent of hot spots and the rate of change in volume during the critical combustion period is less than in a Four stroke. The absence of valves within the combustion chamber allows considerable design freedom. 4.1 Main advantages of the duel fuel six-stroke engine: 4.1.1 Reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40%: An operating efficiency of approximately 50%, hence the large reduction in specific consumption. the Operating efficiency of current petrol engine is of the order of 30%. The specific power of the six-stroke engine will not be less than that of a four-stroke petrol engine, the increase in thermal efficiency compensating for the issue due to the two additional strokes. 4.1.2 Two expansions (work) in six strokes: Since the work cycles occur on two strokes (3600 out of 10800 ) or 8% more than in a four-stroke engine (1800 out of 720 ), the torque is much more even. This lead to very smooth operation at low speed without any significant effects on consumption and the emission of pollutants, the combustion not being affected by the engine speed. These advantages are very important in improving the performance of car in town traffic. 4.1.2 Dramatic reduction in pollution: Chemical, noise and thermal pollution are reduced, on the one hand, in proportion to the reduction in specific consumption, and on the other, through the engine’s own characteristics which will help to considerably lower HC, CO and NOx emissions. Furthermore, it’s ability to run with fuels of vegetable origin and weakly pollutant gases under optimum conditions, gives it qualities which will allow it to match up to the strictest standards. 4.1.3 Multifuel: Multifuel par excellence, it can use the most varied fuels, of any origin (fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G. or animal grease. The difference in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present any problem in combustion. It’s light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low compression ration of the combustion chamber; do not exclude the use of diesel fuel. Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended. 5. CONCLUSIONS The performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was investigated. In this dual fuel engine, diesel fuel was supplied into the first combustion process and methanol was supplied into the second combustion process where  the burned gas in the first combustion process was re-compressed. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC.) of the six-stroke engine proposed here is slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine (about 9% improvement). NO and soot emissions from the six-stroke engine was improved as compared with four-stroke engine under advanced injection timings in the second combustion stroke. 2. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the timing retard and an increase of heat allocation ratio in the second combustion stroke resulted in a decrease of the maximum temperatures in the combustion processes. It caused the reduction of NO emission. 3. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot was practically eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process. 4. From the comparison of the performance between the dual fuel six-stroke and the four-stroke engine, it was concluded that indicated specific heat consumption of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 15% as compared with the four-stroke engine. NO concentration of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 90%. Furthermore, soot emission was very low in the dual fuel six-stroke engine. 5. As the fuel in one cycle was divided into two combustion processes and the EGR effect appeared in the second combustion process, the decreased maximum cylinder temperature reduced NO concentration in the exhaust gas It was further confirmed that soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process .Therefore, a six stroke DI diesel engine has significant possibilities to improve combustion process because of its more controllable factors relative to a conventional four-stroke engine. Considering these results, it was confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was superior to the four-stroke engine. 6. REFERENCES 1. Tsunaki Hayasaki, Yuichirou Okamoto, Kenji Amagai and Masataka Arai â€Å"A Six-stroke DI Diesel Engine under Dual Fuel Operation â€Å"SAE Paper No 1999-01-1500 2. S.Goto and K.Kontani, A Dual Fuel Injector for Diesel Engines, SAE paper, No. 851584, 1985 3. â€Å"Internal Combustion Engines â€Å"A book by Mathur Sharma. 4. â€Å"Internal Combustion Engines† Tata McGraw-hill publications, Author V Ganesan 7. NOMENCLATURE Ne : Engine speed X : Crank angle Xi : Injection timing of the four-stroke diesel engine ÃŽ ±H : Heat allocation ratio Q : Supplied combustion heat Qt : Supplied combustion heat per cycle P : Cylinder pressure V : Cylinder volume Vs : Stroke volume Pi : Indicated mean effective pressure (LM.E.P) Ti : Indicated torque Li : Indicated power Tb : Brake torque Lb : Brake power Ht : Supplied combustion heat per unit time Ma : Intake air flow per cycle Ma : Intake air flow per unit time Mf : Injection quantity per cycle Mi : Injection quantity per unit time ÃŽ » : Excess air ratio b : Brake specific fuel consumption (B.S.F.C.) bl : Indicated specific fuel consumption (I.S.F.C.) bi : Indicated specific heat consumption SUBSCRIPTS I: first combustion stroke II: second combustion stroke 4: four-stroke diesel engine 6: six-stroke diesel engine

Social Needs of a Child

Social Needs of a Child From the time our children are born we work with them on getting along with others. Children need to learn how to communicate with others, how to problem solve, and morals. A good place for children to learn these steps is at home with the family. When there is a healthy family relationship the child will develop greater social skills. One thing that a family can work on is to promote good communication. This can be done by just sitting around the dinner table and holding conversations. The parent needs to talk to the child as well as listen to what the child has to say. This helps to develop the childs communication skills and teaches them how to communicate with others. Another thing that families can work on at home is problem solving skills. This can be done by guidance from the parent. The parent can help point out what the problem is and they can think of different ways to solve the problem. After they have come up with different ways to solve the problem the child (with the parents direction) can evaluate the solution and then come up with a plan to solve the problem. This is also another way that the parent can work on communication skills with the child. When families attend church they learn about different types of morals. However, not everyone has to go to church to learn morals. The parents can teach these at home through example. When the parents are living a clean, good moral life it is showing the child how to live a good clean moral life. It is important for the parent to set good examples so the child has them to follow. The examples the child will learn from are by the parents interactions with other (i.e. the verbal and non-verbal communication with others), by how the parent treats the child, and through observing how the parent handles different situations. The parents can also teach the child about lying and stealing through example and when the conversation comes up. If there isnt good morals in the home this can affect the moral character of the children. Parents need to work hard to provide the basic needs for the family. The child shouldnt need to focus on the basic needs because they need to spend time learning to problem solve. If the child has to stress over the basic needs then there isnt time left over to learn how to problem solve and can affect the childs social and emotional development. At school there are also things that can contribute to the communication development of children. These things can be the interaction of classmates, interactions with the teacher, and how the classroom is arranged. The classroom arrangement can help in encouraging communication between students. By setting the desks up in groups or having tables in the classroom this encourages communication, but if the desks are set up in rows this can hinder the opportunity for children to interact and communicate with each other. Also having the desks set up in groups gives the teacher easier access to the students and helps with the student to teacher communication. The classroom environment is also another strong contributor to the development of the students problem solving skills. Maurice Elias suggest engage in creative, disciplined process of exploring alternative possibilities that leads to responsible, goal-directed action, including overcoming obstacles to plans (Elias, 2003). Through listening to Eliass suggestion the students can be promoted in their learning, develop problem solving skills, and can also learn how to assume responsibility for their learning. When the teacher is in the classroom and is dictating to the children and when the child answers something wrong is harsh to them then the students can have impaired communication and problem solving skills. When the student is uncomfortable with answering the question the teacher has asked of them they arent able to develop upon their communication skills. However, if the teacher were to show empathy instead of being harsh the student will be comfortable participating and will be able to develop upon their communication skills. When the childs basic needs are being met and you add a morally strong home with a classroom that encourages open communication the student will be well on their way of having their communication and problem solving skills met.

Genetic Engineering and Cryonic Freezing: A Modern Frankenstein? Essay

Genetic Engineering and Cryonic Freezing: A Modern Frankenstein?      Ã‚   In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, a new being was artificially created using the parts of others. That topic thus examines the ethics of "playing God" and, though written in 1818, it is still a relevant issue today. Genetic engineering and cryogenic freezing are two current technologies related to the theme in the novel of science transcending the limits of what humans can and should do.    Genetic engineering is widely used today. Genetically altered bacteria are used to make human insulin, human growth hormone, and a vaccine for hepatitis B. Two vaccines against AIDS created with genetic engineering have begun clinical trials here in the United States ("The Genetic Revolution" 10), and genetic engineering is used to detect genetic defects in human fetuses ("The Controversy over Genetic Engineering" 18).    Many are now considering using this technology to change humans, such as developing methods that could be used to regenerate or repair faulty organs. It could be also used to find a cure for diseases such as cancer, eventually (Fitzgerald), or to repair genetic defects. Parents could choose the sex and height of their offspring and be able to have more intelligent, more athletic, and better looking children. Also, genetic engineering could also be used to clone humans (Kevles 354), a topic of much discussion of late.    Kevin T. Fitzgerald divided potential scenarios for using cloning technology into three categories: "Producing a clone in order to save the life of an individual who requires a transplant; making available another reproductive option for people who wish to have genetically related children, but face physical or chr... ...Victor may have succeeded in his goal of creating a new being and breaking death's hold over humankind, it appears that it will be us that puts forth the final and most acceptable solution. WORKS CITED   Begley, Sharon. "Designer Babies." Newsweek November 9, 1998: 61,2. "The Controversy over Genetic Engineering." Awake December 8, 1978: 18-20. Fitzgerald, Kevin T. "Little Lamb, Who Made Thee?" America March 29, 1998. . "The Genetic Revolution." Awake July 22, 1989: 10. Kevles, Daniel J. and Leroy Hood. "Will the Human Genome Project Lead to Abuses In Genetic Engineering?" Taking Sides. Ed. Thomas A. Easton. Guilford, Connecticut: Dushkin Publishing Group Inc., 1995. 342-357. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." Puffin Books, Penguin Group. London, England, 1994. Pages 64-65. http://alcor.org. "Alcor Life Extension Foundation." 1998.

Terrible Teachers :: descriptive, classification, narrative

There are many different types of teachers, and we all have had that one really bad teacher. You might have had the one who stands at the font of the room and just talks, or the one who passes out assignments and will not answer your questions, or even the one who just sits in the back of the room and will not do anything. This is the teacher who ruins learning for everyone. First off, we have the teacher who talks at you, not to you or with you. They stand at the front of the room reading from the text book and they expect you to pay attention. They might stand there and say a few words, tell you to read, but not explain it clearly, hoping that everything that they say is understandable. You do not learn anything this way. Sometimes you need someone to explain it and talk with you. There is also the teacher who teaches to you, but will not answer your questions. They will attempt to explain it as best they can, but if you do not understand it, they think that it is your fault and you should learn it yourself. They may pass out a paper and when you raise your hand they ignore you. Then when you go to their desk to ask them your question, they say â€Å"Sit down†. If you do not understand something in the beginning of the assignment, how will you understand anything after? Finally, there is the teacher who when you walk into the room, is sitting in the back, staring their computers. You sit down and talk a little bit and expect them to get up to teach you something. When there is about ten minutes left of class, you realize that you are not learning anything today. Sure, the kids in the class might think that it is cool the first couple days, but after a while, it gets old not doing anything.

Reservoir Dogs... :: Movie Film Reservoir Dogs Essays

Reservoir Dogs... The first time I saw Reservoir Dogs I knew it was something different (I didn?t see any Tarantino?s films before). It was the first time I payed more attention to the characters dialogue than to the visual appearance of the film itself The dialogues in Tarantino?s films are its more powerful resource. They both tells the story and sets the mood for it. I remember I was reading Stephen King?s ?The Dead Zone? when I got hold of Tarantino?s screenplay for Reservoir Dogs. I left Stephen King for a while and read the screenplay in one sitting (I didn?t get much sleep that night). I got so carried away I couldn?t stop until Mr White died ?blown out of frame, leaving it empty?. It was brilliant. For me there is always an overlap between comics and film. Before a film is shot, most of the time a storyboard is done to show the cameras? angles and perspectives of the shot. I just see a storyboard like a comicbook with equal sized panels and more (or less) depending on what you want to show in-between key panels for the story (that?s the reason why so many comic artists sometimes are hired for storyboarding). Telling a story is the main aim for films and comicbooks . In films, the director (in comics is the penciller) is in charge of how the story is told. I will analyse some of Tarantino?s influences in Reservoir Dogs and his trademarks (he?s got such a distinctive style in directing, that you can just tell a film is made by him by just watching a couple of scenes of any movie he has made). I thought it may be interesting to include a chapter in this essay paying special attention to comicbooks that influenced Tarantino?s films such as ?Fantastic Four?(in reservoir Dogs Mr Orange is influenced by the Thing) and ~?Si1ver Surfer? (Tarantino included this character in some of the dialogue in ?Crimson Tide). But then I thought ?Tarantino references the Bible in Jules dialogue in Pulp Fiction?. I did a comicbook about the Bible when I was doing my Foundation Course in MAD (Kent Institute of Art & Design). Violence, sex and betrayal are themes that appear in Tarantino?s films as well as in some of the comics I?ve done. I thought I?ll give a chapter to talk about it.

An analytical response to comparing the original novel

Morally different ideas are introduced into the modern appropriation and in the same way, several core ideas pertaining to the 18th century lifestyle are lost. The modern interpretation In essence addresses modern day values through the use of the â€Å"Lice's Adventures In Wonderland† world, whilst retaining the plot line of the original text and presenting the story in a new textual form: film. In addition, both texts sustain features that are of the satirical and ‘literary nonsense' genres. Set In the 18th century, the Ideas surrounding the evolving self of Alice are ransomed, particularly through the visual textual form of film.Lewis Carroll incorporates the value of one's identity, and the way ‘Alice' distorts, changes and questions her identity. This exploration of the power of transformation Is fuelled by the recurring theme of deception, questioning what Is real, and what Is a dream. The characters In Wonderland' continually ask Alice who she Is. As a resul t, she questions her identity, and the novel becomes a journey of her exploring who she is, and deciding whether or not this reality is one that she likes.This questioning f identity Is particularly seen by the poetic and deceptive nature of the language ‘cat' uses In the novel. ‘Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? † â€Å"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to†, said the Cat. â€Å"l don't much care where†, said Alice. â€Å"Then it doesn't matter which way you go,† said the Cat. Through the use of low modality from Alice, and very much high modality from the characters of Wonderland such as ‘car, Carroll demonstrates the vulnerability of Alice, and how this vulnerability deteriorates throughout the novel as she becomes ere of herself.Due to the novel first being published in the late sass's, Carroll is very much exploring an idea which was not seen very often in his time, that of society being for ced to abide by the strict standards of being ‘prim and proper', and thus falling Into mainstream society. Carroll, however, throughout the novel discusses ideas of Alice going against what society would expect of her, and this is seen in many occasions of her evading orders of her elders. One such example would be her Interaction with the ‘Red Queen', an antagonist In the novel, but nevertheless an adult.Through the use of shifts In language forms, Carroll demonstrates who Is holding power in a conversation. In particular, this is seen in one of Lice's final their interaction, where the Red Queen is dominant, giving orders to Alice in high modality, and in the end, where the Red Queen is speaking in short, truncated sentences, such as â€Å"Off with her head! â€Å", and â€Å"Never again! â€Å". Symbolism through the use of language is further transformed through the motif of a â€Å"White rabbit in a red waistcoat†.This rabbit is always Just out of Lice's reach, and is very much reflecting memories of her father, who passed away when she was young. Much like her, he had a quirky sense to him, and Alice echoes his words when she says, â€Å"The only way to achieve the impossible is to believe it is possible. † The use of the rabbit being represented as wearing the same clothing as her father once had, and that within the story she is trying to follow the rabbit, is symbolic of Alice finding herself, and shaping her identity to become more like her father.It is through the use of various literary techniques such as symbolism and poetic language that Carroll uses the context of ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' to reflect the power of transformation, ND how it changes Alice over the course of the novel. This same exploration of one's identity is seen within the modern appropriation of the text: ‘Alice in Wonderland', a film directed by Tim Burton. The same idea of one's changing identity is transformed by the change i n context, from an 18th century novel, to a 21st century film adaptation.Burton explores the same themes through the use of ‘Alice', the protagonist of the film, saturating social values of being ‘prim and proper', and going against her peers and elders, who simply want her to marry off to omen her parents chose and not allow her to do what she wants in order to be happy. One of her friends' in the film says, mirror life will be as happy as mine! You shall marry Hams, it is decided. † Alice, of course, does not accept this from the very start, and this is conveyed through the use of shaking camera shots, and close ups of Alice showing her looking off into the distance, showing her complete disinterest.Alice makes a comment to her mother, later in this scene, saying, â€Å"What if proper was wearing a codfish on your head? Would you wear it? † Alice is rejecting society expectations, and so her solution to finding herself is running away from expectations of her and falling down a rabbit hole. Burton transforms the characters of Wonderland to frame Lice's changing self, when the paradoxical character of the Mad Hatter, who is one of the only characters who is concurrent with Alice in his views.The Mad Hatter and Alice share the core idea of not living their lives for society, and this is seen before the climax of the movie, where the Mad Hatter says, Mimi cannot live your life to serve others. â€Å"†¦ â€Å"When you step out to fight, you will step out alone. Through the use of makeup artistry and computer generated imagery, the Mad Hatter is visually depicted with strange features such as bright orange hair, a pale white face and abnormally large eyeballs.He is established as an eccentric and peculiar character and through the close relationship that the Mad Hatter and Alice develop, a link between his peculiarity and Lice's different views on society are made. To keep ‘Alice in Wonderland' true to its original text, â₠¬ËœLice's Adventures in Wonderland' the crucial difference of context is evident in the change of textual form, ND thus the use of literal imagery is transformed to convey characters, values and themes true to the original text. Society has greatly transformed. In both texts, the protagonists are women who show great courage.In ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland', Alice is a young girl undergoing puberty, and is dealing with the struggles of growing as a person physically and emotionally. Similarly, in the film adaptation, Alice is being prepared for an arranged marriage, based upon financial security and social class. What accompanies this exploration are themes of patriarchy and struggles of women in the context of Carol's time. The first of such explorations occurs in chapter two of the novel where Alice has her first conversation with ‘mouse'. â€Å"OÃ'Ëœ est. ma chatty†?Are her first words, and this French phrase means, â€Å"where is my cat†. The phrase itself is only an opening sentence to further dialogue, but the use of French language, only spoken by Alice throughout the novel, is a way of Carroll saturating the ideals of young girls in the Victorian era taking French lessons. The exploration of the value of women in the novel is reflective of the context in which it was written in, and this is seen from ultimate French references and puns interlaced into the story by Carroll. In the Victorian era, young girls growing up were pre-destined to live lives of obedience and purity.Besides Alice, the Queen of Hearts is the only other significant female character. The Queen of Hearts is portrayed with short, truncated sentences with high modality and no respect for others, and this portrayal is reflective of the Victorian era: A woman with too much power bringing about a chaotic dyspepsia. It is evident that through the exploration of themes involving power and gender trudges, that Carroll has taken a satirical point of view for the novel, and through this point of view, Carroll explores the values that underpin the context of this novel: the Victorian era.The film ‘Alice in Wonderland' opens with a scene involving Lice's father being criticized for his opinion, and then Alice walking into the room, interrupting the conversation, due to a nightmare. This opening scene sets the entire motion of the film, where the responder follows Lice's Journey of acceptance, and her attempts to discover her identity, and find the courage to overcome such threats. The opening of the film actually follows the Journey of two females: Alice and her mother.They converse with other women who are all in pursuit of a man in possession of good fortune, as a result of society's emphasis and pressure upon the importance of wealth. During 18th century England, socially profitable marriages were widely accepted as â€Å"normal†. This opening scene of the film is an example of Tim Burtons direct inter-textual references betwee n the novel and the 21st century film. It is through this opening scene that Burton foreshadows the coming chase for identity ND acceptance as both a young adult, and as a woman.In the lead up to the climax of the film: Lice's fight with the Jawbreakers, Alice in distress says, â€Å"From the day I fell down that hole, Eve been told what I have to do, and who I have to be. â€Å"†¦ â€Å"L made this place, this is MY dream†. Despite Alice directly referring to the world of Wonderland' as a dream, Burton is providing a psychoanalytical perspective of Lice's thoughts through the film as a whole. Alice is proclaiming that ever since she fell down that hole' she's been told what to do. This sentence directly matches with the coming agitated due to Alice not wanting to wear her corset or stockings. No corset? And your stockings†¦? † This insecurity as a woman is paired with Lice's constant battle of identity. The battle Alice faces is to find a place in society a s a woman, and this is portrayed by Burton through the use of cinematic techniques and makeup artistry. Alice is constantly portrayed from high angle oblique shots, which give the connotation of Alice being small, in comparison to her surroundings. Alice is also portrayed in the same blue dress, which quickly gets dirtied and blackened up until she fights the ‘Jawbreakers – a dragon-like creature, where she is suited in a suit of armor.The effect of having Lice's dress stay the same, and only get blackened, is reflective of how much, like her dress, she wants to change who she is as a woman, but society doesn't allow her. Within Wonderland, a projection of Lice's subconscious, as opposed to being bound as to what to wear by her mother, there simply is no way to change except by force, when the Red Queen orders her a clean dress of a different kind, much like her mother does in the opening scene of the film.The theme of growing up as a young lady pressured by these socia l ideals, and instead rebelling in the real world and in Wonderland', is a contrast to the original novel by Lewis Carroll, and this is very much reflective of the 21st century culture of acceptance. Equality amongst all people, man or woman, is an idea that has only emerged in the 20th-21st centuries, from a developing post-modern society. This emerging idea is representative in the character of Alice, and her struggles with being a woman, which is finally overcome with her final scene of slaying theJawbreakers, where Alice has truly shown courage when faced with the largest threat of all: a fire-breathing monster. From the early 18th century until the current 21st century, the value of religion and spirituality has greatly transformed. In the late 18th century, a high amount of value was placed into the beliefs of Catholicism and Christianity. This was also the beginning of a time where society was starting to question religious ideas and teachings, and disorder and confusion was beginning to form. This confusion and exploration is discussed within ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' and similarly,Lice's exploration and wonder in the film adaptation is one of remembering her past self who visited Wonderland, and being presented with new ideas, and questioning values from the real world. The role of religion included providing education, spirituality and cultural acceptance in the Victorian era, and elements of Catholicism are seen throughout the novel. The first of such references is seen in Lice's conversation with the Cheshire cat where she asks, â€Å"Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? â€Å"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to†, said the Cat. L don't much care where†, said Alice. â€Å"Then it doesn't matter which way you go,† said the Cat. This phrase with the Cheshire cat is reflective of Carol's emotional state, as he was an Anglican all his life, but in the stage of his life where he began starting his own family, he began questioning the morals and ideals of the Anglican church, much like Alice, who is unsure where to go and is forgetting her past. â€Å"l knew who I was this morning, but Eve changed a few times since then. Opportunities to rebel against society and more importantly to rebel against ones century. It is as a result of society's overall view that Carroll incorporates ambiguous ideas of religion and desperate hope to find order from chaos through the use of complex wordplay relating to core religious values. In contrast to the 18th century novel ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland', the film adaptation by Tim Burton discusses religion/supernatural values and themes in a post-modern light, much like the context in which it was written.The idea of chaos being created from the fear of the unknown is an idea set by the fragmented ideas of religious values/imagery. The main example of magic/supernatural happenings is established when Alice falls d own a seemingly small rabbit hole she barely fits into. The size of this large tunnel is then shown to be much larger than once thought, and Burton uses the technique of a long-shot camera angle, and computer generated imagery to give the illusion Alice is falling down a hole kilometers deep: a feat unachievable by a rabbit.The reader is then plunged into a world where gravity shifts upside down, where pianos play themselves, cakes cause Alice to grow meters taller, and to shrink to Just a few inches tall. The same themes that underpin the alee of religion are essentially there, with the figure of a morphing cat helping Alice on her way. The key difference is the context the film was created in: the 21st century.The film was created in a time where in a post-modern society, expressing religious values was Just as discriminatory as putting down another religion, so any references to a specific religion are eliminated from the film adaptation. This, however, does not stop Burton from exploring the idea of the supernatural world, and Lice's world of Wonderland' is reflective of the character of Alice pondering on the value she holds in the supernatural world.The responder is met with the harsh reality that Alice keeps convincing herself, â€Å"This is my dream, I can do what I want†¦ I'm going to wake up soon, and you'll be gone†¦ â€Å". This idea of assurance in the supernatural world is twisted through the use of scarring from a creature in Wonderland' carrying across to the real world, when Alice climbs out of the hole into the real-world, a prime example of post-modern techniques such as textual ambiguity changing the way in which a value is explored, but retaining the same moral value as the original text.It is through the change in textual form that Burton explores the same themes and values held in the original text ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' but with a change in context – a post-modern perspective of chaos in the area of r eligion: not knowing what the future may hold. The film adaptation ‘Alice in Wonderland' cleverly depicts many themes and motifs that pertain towards the context of the original novel: 18th century England.The film achieves this through a similar plot line belonging to ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland'. In essence, it is the core values of religion, gender and identity that are transformed into the modern and cultures view on society, whilst retaining the original setting. Contextually, the texts are considerably different and although this is the case, the film adaptation is an effective appropriation of ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland'.It is important to emphasis the target 21st century audience and the value of this film, when placed in this genre. Through stylistic features relevant to the religious/supernatural imagery that remain to be of importance in a modern day society. The high cultured language used by Carroll within his novels is lost in this modern a ppropriation, however this is done in favor of effectively depicting the struggles and successes of the 18th century woman.