Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Essay

I dont know if there is a universal correct definition of decisive speculateing. I think this a very individualistic tool employ by humans to break down different problems and situations and the best port to go about coming up with the best resolution in a non-biased manner. Gathering a thought process that is reasonable and with demeanor. This is obviously how I would personally define critical thinking. Thinking things over more than once, second guessing yourself here and there, seeing things from multiple perspectives, and most importantly thinking if your thoughts would be different from the other side of an argument or situation. I think critical thinking is important for us to full understand ourselves and our situations as well as others and their situations.Critical thinking is considering multiple angles and viewpoints and trying to understand them and where they come from, as well as why they exist. In my life personally, critical thinking has always been nearthing I would corresponding to think Ive had due to being raised in a very diverse atmosphere and a very diverse community. Ive seen racism towards more than one race, Ive seen both sides of different biases, and I have lived in a small town closed minded(p) community as well as the middle of a king-sized densely populated city. It makes you think differently than most around you. It seems desire you feel differently than most around you.There isnt very much that surprises you so there arent many situations that you are uncomfortable in. You think before you act, you think before you speak, and you take time and consideration to garner the type of environment you are in and the people you are encircled by. Things like this dont go through every spring chicken persons mind before acting or speaking. You fall down, you react calmer, and you try not to get too high or too low. From this course I dont think Im expression for how to think critically as much as why some of us do think critically and some of us dont. I think Im looking for more reasoning for the differential than a definition of critical thinking.

Critical Study †Othello †Jealousy Essay Question Essay

Jealousy is explored in the poetry Jealousy by 702 in legion(predicate) ways. The two obvious ways argon, matchless the title and the repeating of jealousy in the chorus and in the verses. Jealousy is defined by the Macquarie Dictionary as resentment against a successful rival or the possessor of any coveted advantage. In this song the jealousy stems from women who envy the singer of her success in finding a partner. The singer believes the women unavoidableness to be her as is continually repeated in the chorus THEYRE JUST WISHING THEY COULD BE ME. This is further empathized throughout the song by the entire song being capitalized. Jealousy is further explored in the transaction verses. Notably in the third verse TRYING TO TURN ME AGAINST YOU.In Othello the al-Qaida jealously is widely explored by two key important characters Iago and Othello. Iago even admits and oft my jealousy, practise 3, Scene 3 148. Othello never openly admits to his own and even in his last spee ch he says one not easily jealous. Act 5, Scene 2 344-7. Jealousy is shown in the play Othello as a sickness and is often referred to as a green eyed monster, Act 3, Scene 3 168. The jealously comes from numerous areas the want for power I follow him to serve my turn upon him, Act 1, Scene 1 42, the concept that a white man should be above a black man, cuckolding I will chop her into messes. tell on me Act 4, Scene 1 188, homosexuality and envy.Othello by Shakespeare is similar to the song Jealousy by 702 in several ways. Both explore the reputation of jealousy especially that of envy. The song Jealousy through the women deficient to be the singer and in Othello Iago wanting to be Othello. Even the jealously Iago has towards Othello just about him having Desdemona as a wife is explored in Jealousy through the lines THEY hypothesise YOUR BAD FOR ME. THEY SAY YOUR NO GOOD. In addition to this Iagos wanting to be Othello THEYRE JUST WISHING THEY COULD BE ME. Even megabuc ks to the way that Othello believes Desdemona has cuckolded him and deems her untrustworthy JUST CANT BE swear THESE CHICKS THEYRE SO QUICK TO BACKSTAB YOU.The text Othello and the song Jealousy are related in countless ways and both explore the theme of jealousy to an immense depth.

Nature’s Impact Essay

The outside catchs many wonders that a shaver explores throughout the early years of sustenance therefore, a persons childhood tends to position his path for the future. As a result, occurrences seen on an average mean solar day sitting at school, exploring in the woods, or examining the stars have the potential to be demeanor changing. An American childhood (Dillard), Two Views of a River (Twain), and Listening (Welty) all allocate this thought, yet the deeds juxtapose each other with different morals.Annie Dillard writes of the expectations of her to return after complementary college and settling in the same town in which she resides her entire life before attending college It crawled down the driveway toward Shadyside, nonpareil of the several sections of town where people analogous me were expected to settle after college, renting an flatbed until they married ane of the boys and bought a house (2). Dillard feels essentially unpermitted to broaden her sentiment of a future.She believes she had been restricted too early and therefore Dillard feels she is not allowed to pull round up to her possible potential. Mark Twain, on the other hand, writes of the river and its influence upon him This sunshine means that we are going to have wind tomorrow that directionless log means that the river is rising, small thanks to it that slanting mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going to kill psyches steamboat one of these nights if it keeps on stretching out bid that .(1) within his piece, Twain wonders if he were to have noticed all the diminutive and revealing things of the river as a child, whether it would have indicateed the future from the perspective from which he sees the bypast now. Twain wishes he had respected the river further as a child rather than simply viewing it as an effortless beauty. Eudora Welty also writes of her childhood, explaining her slam for the sky and all that dwells within it.She states, I could see t he full constellations in it and call their names when I could read, I knew their myths (Welty 1). Even with all the companionship she had of the ominous unknown that seems endless and vague to the common child, it still takes Welty until she is already a published writer before she realizes the moonshine does not ascend in the west. Learning of this alters her perspective. However, without believing that the moon rises in the west, less ravish and excitement would have occurred within her childhood. Dillard, Twain, andWelty write of their upbringings and how certain changes, if varied, could have fashion a different future. They outwardly realize the options they had, and the elements they would have distorted in the past to assist themselves in the future. Where Dillard, Twain, and Weltys works mutually contain the reference to their childhoods, they contrast each other with the morals of their writings. Dillards encompassing metaphor places her in an equivalent situation as t he Polyphemus moth whose overgrown move span wider than the Mason jar that withholds it.The piece uses the bit about the moth to foreshadow her telling of her confinement to Shadyside. The moral of her piece is that ones parents, friends, or even societys restraints should not oppress ones aspirations to what is simply considered to be correct Conversely, Twains piece concludes one should not take life for granted because it can exceed so hastily, that a large quantity of imperative information and experiences can be neglected and missed The world was new to me, and I had never seen anything like this at home.But as I have said, a day came when I began to cease from noting the glories and the charms which the moon and the sun and the twilight wrought upon the rivers face another day came when I ceased altogether to note them. (1) Welty teaches in her piece that a childs learning is made of proper(postnominal) moments in time and she shares her involvements with this learning There comes the moment, and I saw it then, when the moon goes from flat to round.For the first time it met my eyes as a globe. The sacred scripture moon came into my mouth as though fed to me out of a silver spoon. Held in my mouth the mood became a word (Welty 1). Eudora reveals that moments like this which seem miniscule can alter ones nature and interests. Each instant of learning creates a change in ones mental makeup. Dillard, Twain, and Welty are each eloquent and sophisticated writers.Their works are relatively alike in the fact that they each transposed of their childhoods and what they would have altered within them however, they juxtapose each other with divers(a) morals veiled within the pieces. Works Cited Dillard, Annie. An American Childhood. New York harpist & Row, 1988. Twain, Mark. Two Views of a River. Life on the Mississippi. New York Harper, 1896. Welty, Eudora. Listening. Agents, Russell & Volkening. Welty 1984.

Factors of communication Essay

consume working practice evoke affect children and unripened good deals outgrowth in m both ways. Children learn trough impersonation, so it is of import to everlastingly intimidate in mind that they need to extradite life-threatening role models. When I am working with children, I unceasingly cogitate to be encouraging and trust worthy. When working with children Im ever so evaluating and noticing them so that I will be able to suggest for every child and their requirements by adapting the activities for them. It is very essential for me to observe the children that Im working with competently, so I will know what occupation I do-nothing plan for them, because sometimes some children superpower find the activity uncomplicated and waste ones time bored. C arrs are the childrens role models and they should give them examples to survey and affect their heightenment in a good way.Shouting can influence a childs growing so when Im with them I should always remember n ot to yell. If I am always shouting, children capability not ask me any questions as they alarm that they would be shouted at or even worse they might start copying me and develop a shouting habit. I have to shield the children from difficult situations when working with them and to always be aware, that is why when in that location is a problem I share it with my colleagues so we can accord with it and any other difficulties that may arise. While operating with the children I always countenance classical aspects of care, have good relationship with my colleagues, mind my language, deliver suitable material and equipment, and have an appropriate behaviour.Read more formulate how children and young peoples development is influenced by a kitchen stove of external factors essayWhen my teammate and I are doing an activity and crafts in the nursery some of the children might find it harder than other children to use scissors grip to cut out paper, this might lead the child to be disappointed, get bored and sometimes they end up not wanting to wipe out part in the activity, so to improve those children out we give them beseeming scissors for those who have more difficulties gripping normal ones. This way our children can proceed together as a group with the activity that has been stated.thither are other materials that assist a childs development and help them take part in the activities, like pencil grips, trilateral shaped colours and many more. Thatis why its very important to have quality equipment, know what theyre for and how to apply them. I moldiness always keep in mind that not all children develop the same way, some may require more time whilst others may need less, thats why its important to be bountiful and regard the childs personal take. So I should always remember to use appropriate equipment, be skilled and accomplished in my job to make it easier in childrens development.ReferenceTassoni, P., Beith, K., Bulman, K., Griffin, S. (2010 ). Pearson Education Ltd. Children & teen Peoples Workforce. Essex Heinemann pg. 81-95Explain how institutions, agencies and services can affect children and young peoples developmentInstitutions, agencies and services can affect children development in many ways. If there are good components that meet with the children needs this off course will help a lot in there development. Some of the children might have some sort of handicap so it is important for the institution to have appropriate equipment and skilled carers. Institutions must(prenominal) always meet the needs of the children either if they are socially, emotionally, physically and intellectually. This might hold people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide bind and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and also social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this mi ght include children on the child protection register or disabled difficulties.They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the childs needs. Some institutions also provide specialist nurses who support for the family and child specially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care and also wholesomeness visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a childs development. As well as a psychiatrist, a doctor who is handy in moral health problems. This person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems.They have also a Physiotherapist, this professional help the children with their driving force especially those who have little or no movement. They are develop to get the maximum movement and skill level. In a well equipped environment children can develop important factors such as emotional development, social and interactive development, self development and much more. though it is always important to have the right components and safe equipment, it is also very important that the children are always supervised by a liable and skilled carer. Carers in an institution or agency should always be professional and responsible. They should always keep in mind that they need to take a shit a safe and nonthreatening environment, should always monitor closely the reaction of children, keep records and be careful and follow good practice when using any type of equipment. Like this they are helping in the children development plot of land keeping them safe.ReferenceTassoni, P., Beith, K., Bulman, K., Griffin, S. (2010). Pearson Education Ltd. Children & Young Peoples Workforce. Essex Heinemann pg. 80 87

International Market Entry Strategy for Hershey Foods Corp Essay

I. IntroductionThe Hershey Comp each is famously known for universe the biggest manufacturer of cocoas and confecti cardinalry products in USA, having hired over 15,000 employees worldwide and exporting their products to niprofity different countries over the world.The Hershey Company has several popular brands, roughly of close notable ones being Hersheys coffee tree Bar, Kit Kat, Hersheys Kisses, Reeses, York Peppermint Pattie, Rolo and Krackle Bar.With the help of these brands, Hershey gained success and popularity, making the conjunctions net worth over $4 billion dollars.Hersheys products include coffee berrys, confectioneries, fargon and bever era related products such(prenominal) as baking ingredients, toppings and so forthThe company lives by its mission statement, Undisputed market betoken Leadership (www.hersheys.com). Hershey continues to preserve a amplyer position by successfully converting consumer desires into reality.II. ObjectiveIt was Mr. Roger Clarke, V ice prexy Sales of Hershey Inter terra firmaal, a division of Hershey Foods Corporation, was reviewing the Australian figure. He had a card meeting to attend in a weeks cartridge holder and had to present his assessment of what the cause of failure had been in Australia. Was it strategical steal or had implementation been the problem, and what strategy would be appropriate for re-entry. in this grammatical case we de develop try to help how to grass the re-entry going smoothly by using the key SCM strategies, tools, best practisesIII. LiteratureThe Inter democracyal Marketing root appearance Evaluation Process is a five re-create process, and its purpose is to suppose which planetary market or markets offer the best opportunities for our products or go to succeed. The five steps be country Identification, Preliminary Screening, In-Depth Screening, Final selection and Direct Experience. Lets take a behavior at each step in turn1. spirit One Country IdentificationT he human is your oyster. You potful choose any country to go into. So you conduct country identification which means that you undertake a general overview of possible immature markets. There might be a simple match for example two countries might luck a homogeneous heritage e.g. the United Kingdom and Australia, a similar wrangle e.g. the United States and Australia, or even a similar culture, political political orientation or religion e.g. China and Cuba. Often selection at this coiffe is more straightforward. For example a country is nearby e.g. Canada and the United States. instead your export market is in the same trading zone e.g. the European Union. Again at this point it is very early daylights and potential export markets could be included or discarded for any frame of reasons. pic2. Step Two Preliminary ScreeningAt this second stage one takes a more serious look at those countries stay after undergoing preliminary screening. instanter you begin to score, we ight and rank nations establish upon macro-economic factors such as currency stability, exchange rates, level of internal outgo and so on. Now you suck up the basis to start calculating the reputation of market entry costs. Some countries such as China necessitate that some fraction of the company entering the market is owned domestically this would need to be taken into cover. There ar some nations that are experiencing political instability and any company entering such a market would need to be rewarded for the risk that they would take. At this point the merchandising motorbus could decide upon a shorter list of countries that he or she would privation to enter. Now in-depth screening croup begin.3. Step Three In-Depth ScreeningThe countries that agnise it to stage three would all be considered feasible for market entry. So it is vital that detailed instruction on the target market is obtained so that marketing decision-making can be accurate. Now one can carry of f with not only micro-economic factors but also local conditions such as marketing research in relation to the marketing mix i.e. what prices can be charged in the nation? How does one distribute a product or service such as ours in the nation? How should we communicate with are target segments in the nation? How does our product or service need to be adapted for the nation? All of this testament information go away for the basis of segmentation, targeting and positioning. One could also take into account the value of the nations market, any tariffs or quotas in operation, and similar opportunities or threats to untested entrants.4. Step Four Final SelectionNow a final shortlist of potential nations is decided upon. Managers would reflect upon strategic goals and look for a match in the nations at hand. The company could look at close competitors or similar domestic companies that have already entered the market to get firmer costs in relation to market entry. Managers could a lso look at other nations that it has entered to see if there are any similarities, or learning that can be use to assist with decision-making in this instance. A final scoring, ranking and weighting can be undertaken found upon more focused criteria. After this exercise the marketing manager should credibly try to visit the final handful of nations remaining on the short, shortlist.5. Step cinque Direct ExperiencePersonal experience is important. Marketing manager or their representatives should travel to a particular nation to experience firsthand the nations culture and business practices. On a first impressions basis at least one can as authoritative in what ways the nation is similar or dissimilar to your own domestic market or the others in which your company already trades. Now you get out need to be careful in respect of self-referencing. Remember that your experience to date is based upon your life mainly in your own nation and your expectations will be based upon what your already know. Try to be pliant and experimental in new nations, and dont be judgmental its about whats best for your company happy pursuitP.E.S.T. Analysis for HersheyPEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a model of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic focussing1. Political/Legal Analysis java producers unable to distribute products to certain countries. major(ip) issue is child labour in umber farms generally affected areas in Africa where child labour runs rampant. The Chocolate Manufacturers Association (CMA) and the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF) created the Harkin-Engel Protocol, which is an agreement that focuses on child labour practices on cocoa farms in West Africa. Result opened new transmit to export and distribute cocoa to international countries.2. Economic Analysis In every year, due to hurricane impact, flood, etc, the price of refined sugar decreased from $0.38 to $0.31 per belabor (estimate cost). This al slumped companies to cut sell costs and redistribute the savings. A lot of unwarranted material is produced, and companies spend thousands of dollars on disposing it. However, there is a new chance born due to recent developments in bio fuel or other energy alternative. New method of return that can use the byproduct of coffee bean manufacturing companies.3. Socio-cultural Analysis Consumers want a larger variety of drinking coffees and fitter alternatives to the traditional chocolates. blue-blooded chocolates provided several wellness benefits by adding a flavonoid in the chocolate that prevents non-homogeneous cardiovascular problems.4. Technological Analysis The chocolate and cocoa industries lack supports of Non-Government Organizations (NGO), which restrict the farmers access to business guidance, funding, and act education. Farmers cant learn new technologies making them less efficient. This prevents the choc olate manufacturers from gaining cocoa efficiently to create more chocolates for the consumer.Target Audience for Australia MarketThe primary consumers of Hershey Chocolates include a vast audience ranging from children, teenagers and adults. But more often than not, Hershey targets its consumers ranging from age 13-30 years old.The chocolate bar is considered a snack or is part of a daily diet in case of some athletes. The chocolates are addressable in most grocery encloses, gas stations, malls etc.Consumers to begin with buy chocolates according to their price. They also prefer if the chocolates fit their health and nutritionary requirements, although there is a very low margin of difference surrounded by selecting according to price and according to health.S.W.O.T Analysis for Hershey Food Corporation drum analysis (alternatively SWOT Matrix) is a structured planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business take a chance. A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a product, place or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and untoward to achieving that objectivea. Strengths Hershey has grown from one product one plant to a $4 billion company with divers(a) quality chocolates. Its a strong brand name and has a strong image. Hershey was largest candy churchman in U.S. with 30.7% market parcel of land And want to expansion to Australia with market share 25% It is also the largest pasta manufacturer in U.S. with 28.4% market share Worlds largest chocolate plant in U.S., with more than 2 million sq. feet. Powerful partnerships (Starbucks, Kraft, Coca-Cola etc) Major profits go to Milton Hershey School for Orphans. to a fault donates to Red Cross, UNICEF, and Habitat for Humanity etc. Cooperative with students and professors. Toll bighearted number 1800-468-1714, to access additional information on request.b. Weaknesses Hersheys spherical market share is very low, around 10% and it happen in Australia Concern for natural environment needs to be expressed. Cocoa production rates are rising, and even a small price extend at retail level affects consumer buying. Poor decision making as company relies on brand loyalty and has reduced advertising expenditure. high price from the competitor make Harshey became premium pricing and the target make segmented. Insufficient advance by Hersheyc. Opportunities Potential to expand range of Dark/Sugar free products for health benefits. Use partnership ventures to create chocolate flavoured coffee products. Produce cocoa in new areas other than Africa, peradventure from South east Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, etc) Produce bio-fuel and another alternative Energy from the chocolate by-products Develop environment friendly packaging, recycling industrial waste China, India and absolute majority of South East Asia a re untapped markets and it can be delivered from Australian.d. Threats Consumer demanding healthier commutes. Steady rise in prices of cocoa, milk and sugar. Main competitors are impair and Nestle. 25% of Nestle revenues profits come from coffee. Nestle plays its strengths in international markets. Hershey is more focused on just local markets. Mars uses ample marketing and advertising expenditures to gain market share. Hershey just uses product innovationsFive forces to growth in Australia1. Threat for new entrantsThere is very low threat for new entrants in the chocolate industry because of the current economy, the various differences in products, and the constant need for large capital requirements. Also, since there is a lack of distribution channels and with the strict FDA regulations kept in place for food manufacturers, the threat for new entrants is almost non-existent2. Bargaining powers of buyersThe bargaining powers of buyers emergence by two factors a number of lar ge volume buyers and the buyers relatively low profits from the product.But since the industry as so many different products, the presence of different costs, the bargaining power of the buyers is low to contain at best.3. Bargaining power of suppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers has decreased since the chocolate industry is an important customer for the suppliers. But the power is moderate to high since the suppliers are concentrated there are no substitute products available.4. Pressures from substitute productsThe chocolate companies compete with various substitutes that threaten the industry. There are various flavours that are used as a substitute for chocolate. These include vanilla, butter, mint, rose, lemon, etc. Many consumers readily switch to these as they also consider chocolate to be unsound.5. Rivalries amongst competitorsAmong the chocolate industry, there are intense rivalries amongst the highest competitors. There are numerous strong chocolate manufacturers g iving out various varieties of chocolates at different prices, resorting to creative advertising schemes, constantly giving out new products and high quality chocolates to satisfy the consumer needs.Marketing mix systema. merchandise The new Hershey Slim dark chocolates will have a flavonoid affectionateness added which helps protect the cardiovascular system and is efficient until three hours upon consumption Produced for health conscious consumers to ensure that Hershey favours healthier alternatives. Hershey will also assure nation with health issues such as diabetics, that their chocolates are a safe and healthy alternative. The core strategy is to reinvent the image of chocolates from being a microbe of a lot of sugar and calories therefore making people fatness and/or diabetic, to an image where chocolates are considered an aid for protecting the consumers from heart affection and enhancing the rate of metabolism, by using flavonoids in their products.b. Price To keep th e chocolates passably affordable, keeping current financial trends in mind. To have a promotion campaign in part with the repugn Currently chocolate forbid are priced at $2.50 each. As part of the contest promotion, the chocolate will be sold at $2.00 each.c. People Target Audience would mainly be consumers from age range of 13-30 years, particularly health conscious individuals. The most bought products are chocolate bars, which some consider as a snack, age others as part of their daily diet.d. Place The chocolates will be available in grocery stores, malls, supermarkets, gas stations, coffee computer storages, airports, and at the main outlets.Major Channel Distributors Secondary Channels Supermarkets Commercial stores (7-11, Cheers) Department Stores Amusement areas (cinemas, parks) drugstore School Duty Free Outlets Mini market Grocery store Channel Distributor Gas Stations Main outlet e. progress The chocolates will be marketed through an interactive contest. Also, some promotional programs could be held under joint sponsorships through gyms/spas. customised chocolate products for the promotional, corporate, hospitality and special cause industriesObjectives and Strategiesa. Product To reinvent Hershey Chocolates as a health conscious low calorie dark chocolate. To reassure health conscious consumers to purchase this new product by providing all the necessary nutritional information Hersheys goal is to keep each products nutrition information up-to-date and accurateb. Objectives To promote the health benefits of the new Hershey Dark Chocolate Help the consumers change their mind-set that chocolates are unhealthy. To spread awareness and adjoin sales of the product.c. Strategy To increase sales using promotional materials such as an interactive contest. Make a new plant for chocolate nearby Australia, to increase the cost and make the price competitive.Example we can use one of the three proposed strategies.1. Hershey Dark Chocolate Mas cot Strategy individually chocolate has a code which in the package Unlocks part of a character. A total of 25 unique parts allowing consumers to create great hundred variations of characters. Customers can go online and create the character of choice online and submit to the contest Winning character will be the new mascot for the Hershey Slim. Winner will also receive gift vouchers and a 1 month social station to California Fitness Gym2. Healthy mind, healthy body with Hershey Strategy In the chocolate packaging are instructions to visit website Consumers have to play a classic memory game which has five levels of difficulty. card game show healthy foods, and Hershey products Winners who complete the final score under a specific time limit win a one day all access pass to California Fitness Gym3. wrap Cash Strategy Each Hershey Slim wrapper contains points These points can be collected under an online account Purchases can be made from the Hershey shop using these points. Ther e would be a limit to the number of points one can input per day, per account. The more you save, the bigger better things you can buy. Products would mostly include exercise equipment. Possible to buy products at half their retail price using the point system.ReferenceHershey Co. Form 10-K, The Hersheys Company, December 31st, 2009.Retrieved January 14th, 2011.http//www.thehersheycompany.com/assets/pdfs/hersheycompany/2009AnnualReport.pdfLovell, Jeremy. fertilise More Chocolates and Help the Environment PlanetArk.com November 7th, 2007. Retrieved January 14th, 2011.Michael et al. The Hershey Company Introduction the World of Chocolate, 2007. Retrieved January 10th, 2011.U.S. Labour Department Funds Project to Evaluate Effectiveness of Anti-Child-Labour Efforts in the Cocoa Industry. Worlds Technology News. October 4th,2006. Retrieved January 14th, 2011.Website http//www.marketingteacher.com www.hersheys.com www.thehersheycompany.com www.gogle.com

Bruce Dawe Poem Essay

Good morning/afternoon everyone. I am trusted that many of you will agree with me, after studying and discussing in clear war poetry, that war is destructive it destroys properties and belongs. It is also the meaning if not dehumanizing as Owen in his Dulce et Decorum Est has pointed knocked out(p). The violence and destructiveness of war reduces men in the force field into something less than human they are stripped of their dignity. Ultimately as Owen points out in his poem, war is senseless or futile. Whatever the reason for press release to war, its not justification enough for the senseless slaughter of young lives.Owen, as you kip down, has great ability in challenging the responders senses, to experience the horror of war. He allows us to see, to hear, to step, to smell, even to taste the ug beginningss of war. Thus we see a group of soldiers trudging the muddy tracks blindly to recourse. They are drunk with fatigue and Owen captures their dehumanization by a series of similes. They are bent double, similar old beggars, coughing like hags and deaf to the sound and fury of guns and gas shells dropping around them.I still can visualize and hear their panic re exploit to the centilitre gas and those who are not quick enough to put on their mask, literally drown in what Owen calls the green sea and our auditory sense is challenged by the guttering, the choking and the convulsed sobs. You will agree with me for sure, that the image that Owen conjures up of the victim of the centilitre gas is no less than grotesquely horrible. We see the white eyeball writhing in his agony and the convulsions that are followed by the blood that comes gargling out of the victims coruscate corrupted lungs. Again a simile is used bitter as the cud of vile, effectively giving us the awful taste of the situation. I know of one other poet who also condemns war and who can effectively top the horror of war and the mindlessness of it, simply by challenging our senses. Kenneth Slessor, like Wilfred Owen, has a strong indictment of war, if Owens tone in his poem is aggravated because, for him, Dulce et decorum est, pro patria mori which since the time of Horace was used by authorities to decoy men to fight for their country it is a big ie. From the images that he conjures in this poem, there is nothing glorious about dying in such(prenominal) an indignified, brutal and senseless way. In contrast, Kenneth Slessors tone in his shore Burial is elegiac he laments the destructiveness, the dehumanizing effect and the futility of war like Owen, although his anger is tempered and what we circumvent is a tone of frustration, he communicates just as powerfully an antiwar message.His Beach Burial presents a dramatic situation in which a group of out of work sailors floats towards the beach at El Alamein in the Middle eastmost. The dehumanization need comes almost strikingly because the sailors is at the mercy of the sea, no longer in control of thei r lives, but subject to the ebb and the flow of the sea. The fact that they are unknown seamen, a mixture of allied and axis soldiers probably highlights the senselessness of war.A man who takes pity on the dead snatched them from the water and bury them in burrows along the beach. Clearly, the image portrayed here is one of dehumanization and responders feel great pity for them in realizing that these sailors ultimate protection is to be order within the earth as animals find comfort in the safety of their burrows. Slessors irony is obvious in the way he describes the situation between the sob and clubbing of the gunfire, Someone, it seems, has time for this,To pluck them from the shallows and bury them in burrows And go the gritrock upon their nakedness Our auditory sense is challenged by the words sob and clubbing in this line so that we can hear the destruction of war. When Slessor uses the word pluck to describe the mans action of removing the bodies from the water to be bur ied, I am reminded of the soldier smothered in gas in Owens poem being flung behind a wagon. two poets certainly capture the unceremonious brutality of war.The futility of war is further highlighted by the mans bewilderment, not knowing what name to write on the crudely make tidewood crosses that he used for each grave. Unknown seaman is the just thing he can think to write. And, at this point the voice of the poet is clearly mournful, as suggested by the repetition of the word such and the tone Written with such perplexity, with such bewildered pity, The words choke as they begin Certainly there is no glory in either their death or their burial for their memorial, only stresses their anonymity.The ultimate senselessness of it all is captured in the last stanza Dead seamen, bygone in search of the same landfall, Whether as enemies they fought, Or fought with us, or neither, the sand joins them together, Enlisted on the other front In life these sailor soldiers where able to live together without enmity, but now in death they are peacefully united they have come from so many lands and end up in the same landfall somewhere on the beach of El Alamein.I believe we should take the message of both Owen and Slessor seriously that war destroys, that it robs us of our human dignity, and that it is ultimately senseless. Both poets have experienced the horror of war, Owen as a lieutenant in the British army in WWI and Slessor as an Australian Official War Correspondent in the Middle East during WWII. If belligerent or war-like world leaders of today study these poems, I am sure the world will be a ruin place to live in.

Behn conveys both comedy and cruelty through the character of blunt Essay

Behn conveys both buffoonery and cruelty through the acknowledgment of plain-spoken explore bens presentation of the Essex calf in the light of this comment. You should base your rejoinder on a detailed examination of two or more appropriate sequences of your choice. Blunt is a peripheral character, thus if you should take him bug out of the play there wouldnt be too much of a loss. Nevertheless he is a humorous character and therefrom brings comedy into the play. His humour is displayed by his actions, he can be perceived as a non very bright character as he falls for Lucetta and believes that she feels the same, despite warnings from his friends.He is not a cavalier wish the others as he is a country squire form Essex who hasnt gotten involved with the civil wars. Which is why he gets labelled an Essex calf as he hasnt any experience unlike the others and is also to roughly degree nai ve because he cant see he is getting used by Lucetta. Even though he is a peripheral ch aracter he still has the whole of act three in which he is the main character. This scene shows the cruelty and comedy, which Aphra Bhen tries to display. Blunts stupidity is used to Lucetta or kinda her pimps advantage, as they know that they can steal his possessions and money.This is the cruelty of the scene, as he believes he is going to be with this woman who he is completely lactating with plainly ends up robbed and cast away into a sewer in his underwear. This however is also the humour of the play because it a rather speckle to see but is quite the contrary for him, due to the fact that he is lost in a sewer, hes dirty and in his underwear. Because of the incident in act three he is left in a foul mood and in total humiliation and his come across of women is now a very narrow minded one where he sees all women as whores whether they are whores or virgins as much as one as the other (45-36).Unfortunately Florinda Stumbles on him when his perception is women is of that, a nd he therefore decides to take his revenge in the heat of the moment and anger. This defiantly shows how the cruelty has affected him, for him to resort to this. But this is part of his character as he is not very bright think and therefore is not expected to take reasonable action. However he is interrupted and he decides not as he learns who she is. All the cruelty that is set upon him is easily done to him, as he isnt very clever and therefore easy to exploit rather than any of the other characters.His personality may have caused some cruelty but this is because of his character, which also delivers the comedy to the play. full from the start he is seen as an idiot. This is show by his actions and obviously highlighted but the Lucetta episode, and also his comments, foe example he tries to compliment Lucetta but is a pathetic attempt. So his whole character might bring on the comedy but because of it also brings on the cruelty by which Aphra Bhen refers to.

Legacy of the Kazakh Khanate in the Political Culture and Traditions

In 1991 division wise state the Republic of Kazakhstan is appeared on the map. The memoir and culture of Kazakhstan is numbered a thousand years. One of the important issues is about aboriginal populations origin, formation and origins of its republicality, development of culture and cultural traditions, relationships with other civilizations. Applying for written sources we dirty dog verify that Kazakhs khanate had been formed to 1470 when on the rule of Kazakhstan in south-eastern regions Semirechye and in vales of Chu Kazakh sultans Dzhanibek and Girey could calculate the numerous tribes, which had been jointed in tribe named Kazakh, Kazakhs.At the beginning of XVI vitamin C in the time of Kasymkhan the Kazakh khanate was strengthened, its borders were widened, syrdarya towns Turkestan, Otyrar, Sayram, Sauran, Syganak, Suzak and Chimkent were part of Kazakh khanate . Kazakhstan becomes cognize in Asia and Europe. The XVI cytosine is an important milestone in the history o f Moslem world from which the new time reckoning is began. The distinguished east scientist V. V. Bartold wrote In the new history of Moslem in contrast to rapid change of dynasties and powers? olitical instability, states small dimensions and thats why lack of any whatsoever patriotism, now we can let on the countries establishing there. We see the Moslem power of Great Mongols in India, then Turkey, Persia roughly at that time Kazakh, Yarkend khanates had been appeared in rally Asia. The Turkic Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Kara-kalpaks were announced on the historic scene. When the last khan Taukekhan died, the power had deputed to the number of steppe khans and each of them was at the head of separate groups of Kazakhs and the territories Kazakh khanate existed up to 1716.At that time the process of disintegration and decline had began and the end of this process the state was being included in Russian empire. The ethnicon of Kazakh given the name of state is Turkic word. It i s mainly agreed that it gist idle man Kazakhs were very hardworking nomads and out-of-the-way(prenominal)mers, have had the great copious herd, rich pastures, and fertile lends on sub mountain and vales of rivers. But tattle about Kazakhs and the first gear Kazakh state of matter it is necessary to know that origin of that nation as its culture and statehood dated from centuries. Bibliography http//www. toptravel. ru/bgkkfl2. htm http//kazakhstan. awd. z Turkic root of Kazakh political culture and traditions Kazakhstan has a rich past. Its geographical and geopolitical federal agency has compete a vital role in promoting the countrys development. Located in the center of Eurasia, Kazakhstan has long found itself at the joint of the worlds most old-fashioned civilizations and cope routes. It has been a land of social, scotch and cultural exchange in the midst of eastmost and West, noneth and South, and between the study players in Eurasia. At different stages of it s history, various states emerged and developed in the land which became todays Kazakhstan. All contributed to Kazakh culture.In later centuries, the steppes were home to a powerful state formed by the Huns. Their empire greatly influenced the geopolitical map of that time. The Great Roman Empire in Europe at last fell from the blows of the Attila the Huns daring warriors. Later, the Huns were replaced on the steppes by Turkic tribes. They founded some(prenominal) large states known as kaganats stretching from the Yellow Sea in the East to the Black Sea in the West. These states were distinguished by a culture advancing for that time. They were based not only on a nomadic economy but in any case on an oasis urban culture with rich trade and handicraft traditions.During this time, cities and caravanserais were founded in the oases of primal Asia, the territory of South Kazakhstan and Central Asia. They s aliked along the famous trade route known as the Great Silk path which con necting Europe and China. Other trade routes were also important including the route along the Syr Dariya River to the Aral Sea and the South Urals as intumesce the so called Sable Road from South Western regions of Siberia through Central Kazakhstan and the Altai region. It was through trade on the Sable Road that the Middle East and Europe were supplied with expensive furs.Major cities and trade centers founded on these routes included Otrar (Farab), Taraz, Kulan, Yassy (Turkestan), Sauran, and Balasagun. The Great Silk Road not only stimulated the development of trade, it also became a conduit for progressive scientific and cultural ideas. For example, the great philosopher Al-Farabi (870-950) was greatly influenced by the culture of the trade routes. Born in the Farab district, Al-Farabi was dubbed in the East the Second Teacher after(prenominal) Aristotle for his profound researches in philosophy, astronomy, musical theory and mathematics.The outstanding scholar of Turkic phi lology Mahmud Kashgari lived here in the 11th century. He created the three-volume Dictionary of Turkic Dialects which summed up Turkic folklore and literature heritages. In the 11th Century, Yusup Balasaguni of the town of Balasagun, a famous poet and philosopher, wrote Kutaglu Bilig (A Knowledge that Brings Happiness) which is recognized as having played an important role in the development of modern social, political and honest conceptions. The Sufi poet Hodja Ahmet Yassaui, who lived in the 12th century, wrote a collection of poetic thoughts Divan-i-Khikmet ( concord of Wisdom).He is famous throughout the Muslim world. Part of the cultural legacy of that period is the elegant urban architecture. Examples such as the mausoleums of Arystan Baba, of the great Sufi Hodja Akhmet Yassaui in Turkestan and Aisha Bibi in Taraz are among the best preserved. Apart from this, the most ancient nomads of the region invented the yurt, a dome-shaped easily dismantled and portable house make f rom wood and felt, ideal for their nomadic life and beliefs. In 1221, Mongolian tribes of Genghis khan conquered Central Asia and added their culture and values to the increasingly complex society of the region.By the back half of the 15th Century a process of consolidation had begun among the peoples of the Central Asian steppe. This process, derived from the various ethnic and cultural identities, was drawn together by a common world view and lifestyle. The first Kazakh khanates emerged at this time. By the first half of the 16th Century, the formation of a single Kazakh nation was completed. The word Kazakh in the old Turkic language meant free or independent which perfectly fit the character of the people who had been long ardent for their own independent state.In the 17th and 18th Centuries the nomadic Jungar tribes directed by the Chinese Bogdykhans started a large scale war against the Kazakh khanate. However, thanks to the bravery of the batyrs (knights), the decisivenes s of the Kazakh leader Ablai Khan, the diplomatic skills of the Kazakh biys (sages) Tole Bi, Kazdausty Kazybek Bi, Aiteke Bi, and self sacrifice of the people, the Kazakhs escaped perfect capture and physical annihilation. The Kazakh khans were squeeze to seek the military protection of the Russian Empire, which eventually led to Kazakhstans loss of sovereignty in 1871. For a time, the fate of Kazakhstan was tied to theEuropean model of social development and the fate of the Russian State and its peoples. After the 1917 revolution Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan. Kazakhs suffered greatly under Soviet control. Due to the forced collectivization in the 1930s, hunger caused the death of 1. 5 million Kazakhs, which was more than 40 per centum of the nation. Hundreds of thousands Kazakhs fled to China and elsewhere. The brightest and the best of the nation were repressed and often shot dead. The politicss last gasp was the brutal repression of the Kazakh people on celestia l latitude 17, 1986 as they took to the streets seeking justice.Many consider this the beginning of the end for the once aright Soviet sodality. Kazakhstan proclaimed its independence on December 16, 1991, and Nursultan Nazarbayev was democratically elect the first President of the country. Bibliography Kiessling, Kerstin Lindahl. Conference on the Aral Sea Women, Children, Health and Environment. Ambio Vol. 27, No. 7 (November, 1998) 560-564. Weiner, Douglas. A Little Corner of Freedom Russian genius Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 2002.Soviet shift of Kazakh society and legacy in political culture and traditions Arguably the most drastic economical policy employed by Marxist-fashioned governments and the Soviet Union was that of agricultural and industrial collectivization. Forcing topical anesthetic Soviets to develop state-controlled farawayms and industrial construction projects, the Soviet collectivization programs ge nerally had two overarching purposes the ideological liberation of the Soviet orbit from class antagonisms and the concupiscent parasitism of kulak banditry, and the economic attainment of a fiscally self-sufficient Marxist society.Soviet republics endured two major phases of collectivization that yielded both beneficial and catastrophic effects. The Stalin government (1922-53) initiated collectivization projects as a means to cultivate socialism in one country, with an industrialize war machine and a well-fed population completely free of the capitalist approach. As the Comintern and NATO plunged into the Cold War, the Khrushchev government (1953-64) reimposed agricultural collectivization with the supposed VirginLands Program specifically with the intent of freeing the USSR from humiliating dependency on Western capitalist food imports. Soviet collectivization made achievable economic and industrial achievements that would otherwise have been infeasible. However, the blatant accomplishments of collectivization came at a abominable price, directly creating some of the most horrendous pitying and environmental misfortunes of the twentieth century.In both phases of Soviet collectivization, the people of Kazakhstan endured by far the worst of these disasters, suffering man-made famines and starvation, irreparable environmental desiccation, the eventual transformation of the entire Aral Sea to saline ruin, mass exodus and displacement, and astronomical casualty. take down worse, the second phase of collectivization (the Virgin Lands Campaign) only exacerbated the ir reimburseable environmental tragedies of the first phase.These disasters are entirely derived from the legacy of collectivization. 1 Despite the Soviets ideological insistence on the benefits of collectivization programs in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh people experienced far greater suffering and calamity than they profited, and are still struggling to recover from the ecological consequences even today. It must be acknowledged that the Soviet Union never intended to directly inflict any physical catastrophe on the Soviet republics or the Kazakh people.It must also be quick emphasized that the Soviet collectivization policy eventually contributed to undeniable industrial, political, cultural, and workout achievements, which transformed tribal Kazakhstan into a modern republic and an exporter of anything from steel, to cotton, to Snow queer vodka. But the price that the Kazakh people were forced to pay was far too high. Both phases of collectivization have inflicted an indelible legacy of agricultural ruin, economic depression, physical ailment, and environmental catastrophe that far outweigh the benefits of the forced prole liberation brought by the Soviet Union.Unfortunate for the Kazakhs, the tragic legacy of calamitous Soviet agro-economic policy did not fall with the Berlin Wall, and it may require centuries to recover Stalins first phase of Soviet collectivization re presents easily the worst physical and environmental nadir of Kazakh history. The collectivization initiative began almost immediately after the net incorporation of the Kazakh tribes and polities into the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1936.The agricultural dominance of the fertile and pristine Kazakh steppe was perceived as an invaluable source of tremendous collective output for the state. As in the other, recently liberated peoples impudently incorporated into the USSR, those Kazakhs that were fully absorbed into Soviet society through forced collectivization would eventually enjoy significant benefits that would have otherwise been impossible for the semi-nomadic Kazakhs, such as theoretically near-universal literacy and employment, the development of urbanized cities and transportation systems, health care, job security, and sustenance.Although the majority of these benefits owe themselves to Soviet policy rather than collectivization itself, these accomplishmen ts must be weighed with the tragic consequences if we are to conclude that collectivization had an boilers suit negative effect on Kazakh society.Bibliography CNN. com. Athrax time bomb ticking in Aral Sea, researchers say. CNN. http//www. cnn. com/ terra firma/asiapcf/9906/21/anthrax. island/ Conquest, Robert. The Harvest of Sorrow. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1987. Krech, Shepard, John Robert McNeill, and Carolyn Merchant. Encyclopedia of World Environmental tarradiddle A-E. New York Routeledge Press, 2004.

Components of Whistle Blowing Policy Essay

Whistle blowing policy components can depart from company to company. There argon several essential components that must be included in any let the cat out of the bag blowing policy to maximize the strong suit of the policy. There are six basic components that need to be communicate receive the complaint acknowledge the complaint investigate the complaint crock up the complaint report the resolution of the complaint and retain necessary certificate (Thornton, 2006).The benefit of having a babble out blowing policy is to protect against corporate subterfuge. The Sarbanes-Oxley dress of 2002 requires that companys establish procedures for receipt and treatment of complaints and require an unidentified venue. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 2006 report, the more or less expensive forms of fraud are not detected by internal controllers because perpetrators tend to puddle in areas not tightly controlled or are in control of the areas themselves (Thorn ton, 2006).Therefore, the most effective form of fraud detection is a tip, most often coming from a whistleblower hotline. The danger of a whistle blowing policy is the backlash the blower or the company may don. An holy organization can still be held criminally liable for employee irregular actions despite even the best efforts to prevent wrongdoing (Schwartz, 2006).An employee may endure harassment, embarrassment, or job loss if they are found out to be the whistleblower despite the validity of the accusations. In all, whistle blowing policies are ask by law and essential for deterring corporate crime. Although all six components are needed for a complete policy, the two essential elements are for winner are anonymity and corporate support and resolution. Without these two major components, whistle blowing policies are simply policies and not crime deterrents.

Pro-Forma Statements Essay

B1. Analyze Simulation ResultsA cypher is a financial plan which is expressed in real numbers, typically in m integritytary units, which machinate the expectations for the expenses the order result incur to cranial orbit its goals, and commission objectives. A good budget rehearses reckons to de full termine what amounts should be used to image desired competency and profitability. Budgets can be used to determine whether a non a process is working effectively, whether or non changes in operations compulsion to be made in order to reach goals, and can help solve problems to begin with they occur and help nominate changes when necessary. Budgets atomic number 18 meaning(a) because they al secondary a quantitative measurement to devote goals, coordinate efforts and departments, and help to realize changes are compulsory before problems occur. Budgets should be broken down into fragments ( in brief term, mid-term, and long term) which will allow for more than than circumstantial measurement of the success of a project, allow for changes to be made before moving onto new projects, and to expand on goals when appropriate.By inflexibleting short term budget goals and reaching them it helps to ensure that the beau monde is on maltreat to reach its long term objectives. Budgets need to be revised whenever they no longer useful for readiness and control purposes. Any cadence there are major(ip) changes in the processes or operations the budgets will also need to be revised. Budget figures should be measured frequently to ensure they are noneffervescent reason open and that the ships union is whitewash on track to reach its goals. A Pro-Forma parameter is defined as a financial statements prepared on the basis of nearly assumed events and transactions that set about non in so far occurred. (Ralph Estes).Unlike Historical Financial Statements which use real scientific breeding and are establish on facts, Pro-Forma Financial Statements use assumptions to help forecast the succeeding(a) and allow for the use of creativity and flexibility. Pro-Forma Financial Statements are akin to Historical Financial Statements in look and content, two use the akin major financial statements including the income statement and the balance sheet, barely the Pro-Forma Financial Statement allows for changes to be made in the volatile environment.Pro-Forma Statements are important because they set up the needed information to track progress towards goals. They are based on historic figures so they do provide realistic projections while til now allowing for adjustments as needed. Typically a long collection of historic selective information is used to produce a Pro-Forma Income statement since the company I created was a start up our information was limited there was even more of a reliance on projections to complete my statements. In the introductory billet I had start up factory expenses of $430,000 and spent $120,000 on com mercialize question. I had gained $3,000 in interest from a small deposit into a short term CD. I had invested $1,100,000 for fixed plant cognitive content. Of the $2,000,000 of initial big(p) $547,000 was used for start-up expenses leaving the company with $1,453,000 in current assets.Important conclusivenesss had to be made during Quarter 1 in order to knead my projections and set my budgets and expectations. First I had to choose what harvest-times to cook up. I cherished to look for devil segments which had some identical wants and necessitate. By proveing two intersections for two segments with similar wants and require the hope was that I would be pay off afterwards in saving manufacturing bells by utilizing customization of split, decrease training approachs, cold shoulder down on salary expense by having a gross revenue force that could be knowledgeable with some(prenominal) harvestings, and would allow the company to provide break down service after the sale. The decisions were all based upon the market research which had been by means of providing the wants and needs of the segments as nearly as the price voluntary to pay, the 12 month consider, and the request per city. By performing some guileless calculations (i.e. price willing to pay X Demand / terms to produce) I was able to devil an informed decisions on the two proceedss I wanted to develop, where I wanted to set up shop, the size of my gross revenue force, as well as the amount of caudex to produce.I heady to manufacture two products which I felt met the needs of two specific groups. The first group was decided upon due to the quantity of the consider. I felt approximately this product I could better reach my goal of utilizing an employee authorization schema, be able to utilize work prison cells due to less technical processes and needs, be able to take advantage of customization of parts, and also be able to spell better service after the sales du e to gaind employee knowledge of the product and the service needed. I decided to focus my efforts on the sniphorse and the traveler markets. Both markets had similar needs and the products would only need to differ in portability. The market was large and although the desired price would be lower, the high posit would help generate profit. The hope was to build the distinction of being the low price leader while still providing a reliable product and providing excellent service after the sale.By setting proper starting time budgets and being able to adjust accordingly by utilizing the pro-forma statements I was able to catch up with sound financial decisions throughout the simulation. I never had to use emergency loans so I was able to avoid that penalty and cost. By using the statements was even able to make small investments and earn some interest off of those property. Being a startup company I was precise conservative with my investments so I could ensure I would not i ncur those costs. At the end of the 4th whiff out my ending interchange balance was all over 4 million dollars. This allows for great expansion and high sales as well as the ability to invest more currency and take advantage of additional interest income. Without the use of the statements and the budget it would not fork up been possible to monitor the spending and make informed decisions.The Pro-Forma statements and budgets were used to make decisions throughout the entire simulation. Each Quarter I began by examining the capital flow statement. This allowed me to make proper decisions based on the Firms solvency as well as my companys potential for ripening. At the beginning of Quarter 1 I had $0 in my beginning property balance. Thus it was necessary to sell habitual stock. $2 million dollars were brocaded through the sale of common stock. It was very important to use my income statements, original budgets, and monitoring my balance sheet. $1.1 million of the funds wou ld be used to invest in my fixed plant capacity in order to reach the needed production levels. With the funds on hand I was only able to open 2 sales offices. I chose the locations based on the projected sales subscribe to, the allotted funds in the budget, and the money leftfield in the cash flow. The two offices cost $430,000 to start up and would also cost a do of $220,000 per quarter for lease.After setting up the Plant capacity and the sales Offices I had $470,000 dollars left. I still needed funds for Research and Development to ensure that I was fashioning proper decisions and to help guide my decisions in future quarters. I decided to spend $120,000 on research and training. This left me $350,000 in overmuch cash. I decided to invest a portion of it tho was careful using my Pro-Forma statements to ensure that I would not run into the cost of emergency cash loans. $200,000 was take aimd into a conservative short term C.D. which earned me $3,000 in interest income. T he $3,000 and the excess $150,000 would be carried over into the nigh quarter.The same techniques were used every decision every quarter. Any time I made a decision it was based on my cash flow, income statements and demand projections. Lessons were learned from these decisions, more funding into research and development needed to be used early in the simulation. The issuance of the execrable planning led to the expense of products needing to be re programmeed. The carry over equipment had to be interchange for salvage value and additional funding needed to be raised to develop the new products. With the proper products in place for the market demand the profits would have been much larger for my company.B2a. Just-in-timeJust in m operations is basically a system which helps force problem scan and drives down start-up costs and schedule costs by initiating a pull system driven by consumer demand and reducing gunstock to admit the nodes needs only when the client has that need. If the product is not available at the time of demand a problem is lay down and improvements need to be made. This is very important to any company that especially for a start-up company who really need to watch their cash flow to avoid any emergency loans and the cost and fees associated with them. In my projections I had to take into account the demand of the segments in the cities decided to serve and make educated estimates on how much to produce based on those calculations. at that place were still questions which needed to be answered which led to less self-assertive manufacturing would my denote efforts convey the right message to my target audience? Would my choices on where to agitate be successful on reaching my target audience? Would my product designs and crossing fit the needs of my customers or would new products need to be developed? The answers to these questions could lead to major adjustments to our entire process and if not done well could lead to an e xcess of loose inventory which would only be able to recover a small part of the cost it took to develop them.Estimates were made based on the projected sales demands of the markets. Fixed capacity, sales force decisions, and of course inventory decisions were made based on these projections. The liking of course was to have the perfect amount of inventory available to my customers at the exact time they needed them, with very little cost from carrying over unused inventory. Proper use of a Just-in-time dodge could have relieve me money and helped expand my companys growth. During the manufacturing process a Just-in-time system wouldve have uncovered the need to increase production to meet my customers demand as the products were being pulled through the multitude process.The improper use of the JIT strategy resulted in a loss of 278 fortuity II customers and 143 customers of Quest II. The result of these lost customers was $578,453 in profit. By properly utilizing the strateg y profits could have been even higher and future growth could have increased. Going forrader it will be important to utilize the performance of the past form and make better decisions to provide for a better customer experience. luckily after the losses occurred decisions were made to make sure it did not tone up again throughout the simulation. A good Just-In-Time strategy would have allowed the mistakes to be caught prior to having to absorb the losses and the poor customer experiences.B2b. Lean trading operationsLean operations work hand in hand with making J.I.T. effective. By definition lean operations are used to understand customers needs and then to stock and prepare appropriately based on said needs. In my project this was done by successful forecasting based on potential demand of the customers in the given areas and based on the chosen products. By basing our inventory on a lean operations focus the company will be able to decrease the costs of waste in its operatio ns, both in unused inventory and the cost of storing excess inventory.B3. Applicability of Work Cells versus Traditional Straight demarcation Method An effective layout design strategy is important because the decision alone can help decide the efficiency of production as well as help to determine a firms competitive advantage. How will the firm be spirit to set itself apart? Will it be through differentiation, low cost, or response? Will the companys priorities focus on capacity, processes, flexibility, and/or cost, etc.? In its very basic form an effective layout design will improve efficiency by better utilizing space, mint, and machinery, amend communication, improving inspection, and by allowing for flexibility. Work Cells are specially arranged groups of workers and workstations designed to make the production of a single product or group of think products more efficient by allowing workers to have more reach in the work area, allow for immediate inspection of complete pr oduct, fewer workers are needed, less work space, and promotes better communication between workers.Workers very much include the responsibility of building the product from start to finish in a more positive light because of the empowerment it provides and the specialized training and grow knowledge. Work Cells are often in the shape of a U allowing for better balance and division of work. The U-shape also will take up more space on the floor than the Traditional Straight Line process method acting. A Traditional Straight Line process method is the old assembly line assembly process. Each worker is trusty for a piece of a product. That piece is then put unitedly with other pieces and the final product is put together in a series of pieces. The assembly line relies on workstations to be balanced in the share of the work to be effective however the layout alone often leads to an unbalanced division of the workload. The pieces cannot be inspected until the finished product has be en fully assembled by the varying teams, and communication and diverse learning is very limited.The assembly line approach also leads to the possibility of a bottleneck effect where total production can be slowed by slow production from one of the work units. The advantages of the assembly lines are of course a less high-ticket(prenominal) and quicker training process, more standardization of parts, and lower handling costs. The decision on which method to use was a arduous one. One of the reasons I chose the two products that I did was because of their similarities and the ability to use customizable parts. However another get word to the success was the ability to capitalize on efficient inventory vigilance and processing. Another key was employee empowerment through knowledge which would lead to better service and the ability to recognize and fix problems as they occur during the assembly process. With this being said I would implement a work cell assembly approach.B4. Decisi ons Involving Inventory ManagementUnderstanding the relationship between inventory levels and customer needs is a critical part of any companys success. Too much inventory can lead to unneeded costs for the company in the form of storage costs of unused inventory and the expense of selling off unused inventory at discount prices. Not having enough inventory can lead to poor customer experiences by not being able to meet the customers needs when needed. This leads to fewer repeat sales and poor relationships. In order for a company to have a low cost strategy they must master inventory levels.As discussed earlier I did not do a good job of inventory vigilance and it cost me in the form of profits and customer satisfaction. The idea is to be perfect and I was far from it. I underestimated the increase in demand after improvements were made in product design and marketing. The result was having higher demand than inventory available. The miscalculations of potential demand cost my co mpany through the simulation and it is very important to execute better inventory focussing decisions in the future to avoid such issues and losses in the future. My growth decisions were made properly in the form of additional markets, additional sales and service staff, and more fixed capacity capabilities. However, I did not make good inventory management decisions to match the growth demands.The idea of inventory management is of course to find the perfect balance of meeting my customers needs while limiting my costs in holding costs and excess capacity costs. It was again necessary to utilize my pro-forma statements to monitor these expenses. The inventory needs were based on demand projections, marketing efforts, and the number of sales masses hired. Since my company was a start-up company with little or no brand recognition it was important to find a conservative figure which would still fit the customers wants and needs. In the initial Quarter I chose to project demand at 100 units per sales person. I had arrogance in my product in the first quarter and decided to leave 43 units of feign and 32 units of Quest as carryover.The hope was not to run into issues of Sales lost and a loss of customers due to poor experiences. The problem I ran into was due to poor research and development the target market did not find either of my products desirable to fit their needs as they were. My confidence quickly turned into an error in Inventory Management. The remaining units had to be sold at a Salvage price ($846.40 for Venture and $870.40 for Quest). The set price on Venture was $2500 and Quest was $3200, the cost to produce Venture was $1667 and Quest was $1698. This was an enormous loss in potential profits for my company and better use of inventory management and of course research and development could have prevented it.The new products were produced that met the customers wants and needs and I decided based on the research which was provided and the his tory of sales I would be more aggressive with my inventory levels. The sales force was increased to 16 people in Quarter 3 with a demand per sales person of 148, and based on the success in Quarter 4 the sales people were increased to 25 people with an estimate of 225 units per sales person. Due to the increase in demand caused by the additional production more inventory would left at the end of the quarter.The recommendation was that inventory levels should be left at a range of 25 to 50 units of each product, moreover based on the confidence of sales I increased those ranges and decided to have 86 Venture II units and 64 Quest II units in inventory left at the end of each quarter. I had no missed sales because of a lack of inventory and as luck would have it did not have to sell any unwanted inventory at salvage prices. Costs did increase in Quarter 4 both in holding costs and excess capacity costs but the cash increases were more than enough to justify the additional inventory. B5. Use of specialised Continuous Programs to Achieve Quality Assurance Goals.Having a culture which promotes timber from top to bottom affects the company in many positive ship canal if it starts at the top it becomes a culture which then empowers employees and leads to better customer satisfaction. There are several different programs which help to measure feature 1.) Continuous Improvement, 2.) Six Sigma, 3.) Employee Empowerment, 4.) Benchmarking, 5.) Just in Time (J.I.T.), 6. Taguchi Concepts and 7.) Knowledge of measure Quality Management (T.Q.M.) Tools. Every aspect of operations can be improved and of course the overall goal is perfection. The cost of defective parts and or systems can be dramatic for a company and difficult to recover. Therefore it is very important to have the proper programs in place to measure quality.I believe two Quality Inspection programs would have been beneficial for my company. It was very important to my company as well as my target customers for us to provide a quality reliable product and have the service in place after the sale for my customers. I believe by implementing an Employee Empowerment program I can help develop quality on both the production side as well as on the service side.Employee Empowerment involves expanding the employees roles and responsibilities so that empowerment and belief is spread throughout the company from the highest to the lowest level. By including such responsibilities to the lowest level there is a greater chance that defections or needed improvements will be both addressed as well as shared by the employees who are using the machinery and involved in the everyday operations of the company. With high morale and open communication lines the company should be able to reach the desired quality.The desired quality which the company will be seeking will be determined by using a quality program called Benchmarking. That desired quality will be what our products and services will look like a t their very best. All other performances will be judged by comparing to this benchmark. A team will need to be assembled, benchmarking partnerships will need to be formed, data will need to be collected and compared, and improvements will need to be to try and reach our benchmarks. Our benchmarking efforts will analyze such important factors as percentage of defects, customer satisfaction rate, cost per unit, return on investment, customer retention, and response time.References1. Ralph Estes Dictionary of Accounting (MIT, Cambridge, 1981, p. 105)

Drama and Play

- DRAMA Origin of Hellenic tragedy and drollery Drama, in the horse opera world, come egresss with superannuated Greece, where the 2 major take ins of caper .. tragedy and sportswomanniness .. were an opinion of religious ritual. Greek tragedy is believed to invite begun in the sixth coulomb B. C. with Thespis who introduced the first actor on the gift. The first stri power dis flight lies in the conversation of this actor with leader of the satiric chorus. The outstanding ele handst was by and by added by Aeschylus in the fifth degree Celsius B. C. and later by Sophocles of the same(p) period.They added a second and third actor on the re-create respectively. Euripides, a contemporary of Sophocles, used drama as a medium for traffic with the problems of human existence. As the Greek drama actual, the chorus was detached from the principal(prenominal) bodily function. Of these ancient Geek tragedies, thirty-two bets ar immediately extant . sevener by Sophocles, and eighteen by Euripides. Greek funniness originated from the humorous incline of the Dionysian rites. A actual feature was the singing procession, or comos. Their nervous strain a tenacious with a kind of mummery or convey-acting developed into waggery. Greek clowning passed by dint of three stages ..Old Comedy, plaza Comedy, and New Comedy. The Old comedy was the comedy of political and soulfulnessal satire. The sarcastic lams of Aristophanes were depended against Euripides. The Middle comedy was a transition from this to the comedy of social vitality and dashs. The satire became impersonal. In the New Comedy, the love intrigue became the possessive theme. The best k nowaold agen generator of the New Comedy was Menander who died in the third century B. C. His fills ar now extant in Latin translations by Plautus and Terence. Drama and in Rome The Romans wrote comedies and tragedies in the demeanor laid down by the Greeks.The timbers were for the mos t parting stock figures manage the comic slave, the braggart soldier, the proud cook, the young lover, the hunch-back, the screw and so on. The outstanding writers were Plautus (200 B. C. ) and Terence (150 B. C. ). Twenty plays of Plautus atomic number 18 now extant, including the Menaechmi, from which Shakespe ar similarlyk the game for The Two Gentle manpower of Verona. Only six plays of Terence are extant. The most consequential writer of Roman tragedy was Seneca, who was a statesman and philosopher in the unemotional person School. His ten plays are translated into side during the Elizabethan period. Drama in EnglandLike causeer(a) countries, the drama in England had its origin in the services of the church. In the Middle Ages, the services of the church used to be in Latin, and the Bible was therefore, beyond the comprehension of the common people. The clergymen started illustrating Biblical stories by dump shows in sound out to bring the religious doctrines deep d own the comprehension of the laymen. They were enacted within the church and the actors were solely clergymen and monks. In due course, communion, first in Latin, then in the vernacular, was introduced and therefore the ritualistic representations in the church developed into full-fledged drama.Subsequently the coiffe interior the church was found inadequate and so the representations were transferred to the churchyards. When this also proved insufficient, the drama passed from the church to the street, from the clergymen to the laymen. The mystery and miracle plays The Mystery and Miracle plays mark an advancement in the ontogenesis of the chivalric religious drama. The Mysteries dealt with themes restitutionn from the Bible, whereas Miracle plays dealt with the lives of saints. The institution of the festival of Corpus Christi by Pope Urban IV in 1264 gave an impetus to the growth of these plays.Until the 13th century Miracle plays were annu rough(prenominal)y performed at s constantlyal important towns want Chester, York, Coventry, and Lancaster. particularly enough, these religious plays combined somber theme with farce, buffo peerlessry, and coarse card. Devil and wrong were depicted in a funny manner. The Devil was represented as a hideous monster, hairy and shaggy with horns, hoofs and a tail. Vice appeared in a fantastic, variegated dress carrying a wooden dagger and humoring in mad tumultuous p right-downs and jokes. He continued to have a comic role in face drama for pertinacious.This sort of medieval religious drama r individuallyed its highest point of emergence in the fifteenth and 16th centuries. The cycles presenting a series of plays containing a yarn of the creation of the world were habitual in England in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. Of these, four cycles Chester comp raise twenty-five plays, York comprising forty-eight plays, Wakefield comprising cardinal plays, and Coventry comprising forty-t wo have been pre servingd. Monks and scholars gener altogethery wrote the plays. Their settings were elaborate.Heaven was presented in an awe-inspiring manner art object Hell was presented as a dragons mouth. representation rigs were obtained by several whatchamacallums as trap doors, pulleys, and the beating of drums. The shoot of these was to instruct an entertain people. The Moralities and Interludes The end of the fifteenth century witnessed a persona between the estimable and comic agents in these plays. The serious part of the fiction was treated separately in plays bided religion Plays. The comic or the barge side was presented in Interludes.In the Morality Plays religious instruction was substituted by virtuous teaching and biblical figures were substituted by personified virtues and vices. Mostly the theme was the struggle for a mans soul. The purpose of these plays was to inculcate virtue by originalizeing the fortes of Good and Evil in deed. The featur es were mostly personifications of abstract qualities worry sliminess and Repentance. The first cognise Moralities called Paternoster plays were performed in the latter part of the fourteenth century. It dealt with the departure between the Seven Moral Virtues and the Seven Deadly Sins.The best Morality play is, however, Everyman published in the early sixteenth century. Humour was unbroken alive in the subject of the Vice, who whitethorn be regarded as the harbinger of the Shakespearean clown. The term Interlude is applied to a species of professional crusade carried out on special occasions like banqueting. It was used to study intervals. It marks a definite advance in the art of comedy and forms a bridge of sorts between the Moralities and the Elizabethan drama. The regions were living human beings, and the prey was to amuse and entertain the earshot.With the interlude, drama lost its didactic character and became a vehicle of secular entertainment. The most famous interlude is John Heywoods The Four Ps printed in 1569. The characters in are a Palmer, a Pard one(a)r, a Pothecary and a Pedlar vying with some different in telling the biggest lie. The verdict goes in favour of the palmer who stated that of the five hundred women he had go to sleepn he had never seen one out of patience. The five years of the spectacular darn The basic of every dramatic throwaway statement is participation. It whitethorn take contrastive shapes.It may be between the gunslinger, representing salutary, and the villain representing evil, it may of the admirer against fate or circumstances, or against social conventions and customs. It may also be an inward war as in the case of Macbeth. In both case, a kind of conflict is the central element of the dramatic story. The plot begins with the opening of this conflict and ends with its conclusion. If we sympathise with the struggler, the play is a tragedy, and if jocularity at him, it is a comedy. The th eme of the play passes through five stages. They are exposition, complication, climax, denouement, and calamity.This is called the dramatic line. Perhaps this five-fold structure of dramatic story accounts for the common division of play into five acts. The Exposition introduces the circumstances or situation from which the sign incident is to begin. Its aim is to give all the information necessary for the auditory modality to downstairsstand the play. This is non an easy part of the play and its management may be regarded as a real number test of a playwrights skill. Mrs. Stowe admits in her book The Ministers Wooing, When one has a story to tell, one is al agencys puzzled which end of it to begin with.You have a whole corps of people to introduce what you know and your reader does not and one thing so presupposes an other that whichever way you turn your patch snuff it, the figures seem ill-arranged. This is the experience of a bracingist who posterior recourse to draw a bead on narrative and explanation. We locoweed, then presume the trouble of a dramatist who is denied such(prenominal) privileges. The least dramatic among the methods adopted by the dramatists is that of speech abandoned by one of the characters, or a prologue. An pillow slip is the dialogue in the second gear Scene of Shakespeares The Tempest. A inviolable exposition takes the form of a dialogue which is natural nd appropriate. It is brief, conduct and dramatic. The first distri just nowe of the play after the initial incident comprises the Complication or the lift Action or the Growth of the conflict towards the crisis. It should be characterised by limpidity and logical consistency. Every incident should appear natural, and zipper that is indispensable should be obscured by unimportant dilate. The proper relation between character and action should be master(prenominal)tained. Every scene should have its role in the development of the plot or add to our knowledge somewhat the characters should be indicated.If the conflict is between two persons, both the characters should be do familiar to the sense of hearing, and if it is within the mind of the wedge, hiss qualities and conduct should be presented carefully. The foundation for the following action should be thus laid. In climax or Crisis, the story reaches a point at which the balance begins to learn decisively to one or the other side. This is therefore known ass the turning point also. The discourse of the crisis may vary according to the circumstances. It may consist of a hit incident or a group of incidents.Generally the crisis is posed to the highest degree the pump of the action, tin Shakespeares plays, it is generally towards the close of the third act or the beginning of the fourth act. In Macbeth, the Banquet scene, which comprises the crisis, occurs In Act III. later the appearance of Banquos ghost and the escape of Fleance, Macbeths fortunes are reversed. The dramatist should be careful that the event which determines the whole course of the action to its catastrophe comes out of the action itself and is not superimposed from outside.The crisis over, we enter upon the denouement which is the locomote action. In comedy it implies the removal of the obstacles or the clearing outside(a) of the misconceive which has hitherto been hindering the good fortune of the belligerent and the whizzine. In tragedy it lies in the removal of those resisting powers which have been holding the powers of evil in check. In any case, our uncertainty and suspense come to an end and we rejoice in the happiness of the hero and the heroine or sympathise with them. The denouement presents to the dramatist the fuss of maintaining the nterest of the sense of hearing after they are able to forsee the fortune of the characters. Small esteem Fielding hated the man who invented fifth act Oddly enough, in Shakespeare tragedies, our disport continues even after the ending o f the play mess be clearly foreseen. CatastropheI is the final stage of the plot. The dramatic conflict comes to an end. The play to an end. The play usually ends with a sense of finality. except in ultramodern plays and novels nothing is concluded and as Tennyson said, we seem to be poised on the wind of a wave which does not break.This inconclusiveness is supported by those who favour realism, for, in support, they say, there is no such things as an end yet we essential bear in mind that drama is a series of incidents selected for dramatic treatment. Audience imply a story in which no complimentary threads are left field. The dramatist has to strive the catastrophe the natural end point of the forces which have been at utilization in the play. Aristotle recommended that the unraveling of the plot must snarf out of the plot itself, and must never be brought about by a dues exmachina. grandgh modern dramatists do not holiday resort to a deity out of the machine they emp loy such means as he seasonly removal of the villain by an accident, or the turning up of a will, or the discovery of a birthmark or something that reveals the real identity of the hero, or the unexpected arrival of an uncle long reported to be dead and so on. More common is the jerky change of center field of one of the characters to micturate the story end happily. The dramatist who employs such contrivances in a comedy may not do so when write a tragedy. The reason is not far to seek. In comedy life is treated in a light and superficial manner..Criticism of life in the drama The drama is different from novel in being objective. The novel permits the writer to intrude often to express his interpretation of life. He piece of tail do it directly or indirectly while the dramatist is coerce to confine himself to the indirect method a lone(prenominal). According to Henry James, an novel is a personal impression representation of life. It is not, therefore, easy to detect in a pl ay, the writers doctrine of life. The dramatist throws on our shoulders the entire office of finding his meaning and even explaining what he has tho implied. But from time to time the dramatist escapes from the estraints imposed on him by fashioning one of the characters in the play represent him. The Chorus of the Greek tragedies was thus a model of the dramatist. He is often the mouthpiece of the dramatists philosophy of life. The modern dramatist no longer makes use of such a device. The main function of the chorus was to report the events that overlyk place off stage and to make some comments on the morality of the actions presented on the stage. In modern plays, its place is often taken by one of the characters in the drama. thusly Enobarbus in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra is a kind of chorus.With his critical comments he serves to bring out the cause of Antonys degeneration uner the spell of the Serpent of old Nile. In modern problem plays, we often come across a character whose principal function in the play is yet to move through it as a philosopher spectator. He expounds moral problems on behalf of the writer. The French critics call him raisonneur. But it is not always right to identify an out-spoken character with the dramatist. For obiter dictum some commentators hhave made the mistake of discovering in the drab Jacques in As You Like It the representative of Shakespeare.But Shakespeare makes all the other characters in the play laugh at him which indicates that he does not express Shakespeares views. The dramatist may very often find the Chorus like character or the raisonneur inadequate to express his views on life. He often makes his view clear to the audience through the utterances of the various characters. Even while speaking in accordance with their personalities and situations, they may express the writers views about me and things. We can thus gain a clear idea of Shakespeares ideas and judgements from the utterances of his characters.The difficulty lies in discriminating the particular moments when they express the dramatists views. statute Beeching holds the opinion that the sentiments put into the mouth of these characters with whom we are expected to sympathise incessantly express the writers views. But we notice that even the characters unable to bid our sympathy may sometimes express moral truths, specify by them on earlier occasions. For instance, when Edgar says at the end of queen regnant Lear, The Gods are just and of our pleasant vices make instruments to plague us,Edmund, the villain replies, Thou hast spoken right tis legitimate the wheel has come full forget me drug I am here. Shakespeares commentary upon the plot is provided more(prenominal) by Edmund than Edgar on this occasion. We should ,therefore, be careful in examining the sentiments expressed by the various characters in a play. In conclusion, we can say without any shadow of doubt that dramatists criticism of life is c ollective in the whole spirit of the play. The world that the dramatist creates, with all men and women, their actions, passions and causes, their struggles followed by success or failure, is a world for which the dramatist lone is responsible.It goes without saying then that it is a projection of his own personality. The whole play, therefore, reveals the surliness of his mind, the way in which he looks upon things, the line of hs thoughts, his interests, and his attitude towards life. Characterisation in Drama nonpareil of the differences between drama and novel lies in the exposition of character. Usually it is thought that drama is concerned with action and, therefore, characterisation is a secondary matter in it. According to Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, The first demand of an average theatrical audience is always the same as the nestlings Tell me a story.But story in a drama is childish and unintellectual unless it is related to character. If the story is nothing more than a s uccession of incidents, it is not much different from the adventures of a highway man. The story in a play should display the various feels of human nature. As Hudson says, Characterisation is the rally fundamental and lasting element in the impressiveness of any dramatic spend a penny. This is illustrated best by Shakespeares plays. Centuries have passed since Shakespeare wrote them, moreover we are still interested in them, and our interest is by no means less than that of the Elizabethan audience.What keeps our interest alive are the men and women in them. The essential quality of Macbeth lies not in the murders Macbeth commits, only in the character of Macbeth. Even lago, the villain, can hold us spellbind with his villainous schemes, originated in his brain. village is nothing more than a penalise play when we consider its plot, scarcely none of these revenge plays that hooked the Elizabethan audience can appeal to us now as hamlet does. Shakespeare has worked miracle out of that raw material by developing the mental element in it, and that accounts for the immortal appeal of Hamlet.The first condition in photo in a lay is brevity. The dramatist has to portray the motive and conduct of a person within a some scenes. Since portrayal and action cannot be divorced in a play, and the progress of the story has to be kept up, the task of the dramatist is not easy. This can salutaryhead be illustrated with Shakespeares delineation of Macbeth. In the first act, the dramatist gives us an account of Macbeths courage on the battlefield, the evil fermenting in him, the confidence that others, including King Duncan, had in him, and above all, his superstitious nature.The essential qualities of skirt Macbeth are also portrayed with equal precision. Her moral courage, her undividedness of purpose, her incline over her husbands sensitive nature are all laid before us in the first act itself. still Shakespeare has allotted to Lady Macbeth less than si xty speeches in the whole play, and Macbeth speaks about 150 times, and none of the speeches is long. Macbeth thus illustrates Shakespeares skill in characterization. constriction is another(prenominal) necessary condition in characterization in plays. The main qualities of a character should be emphasized.Every word of the dialogue may be used for this purpose, and supererogatory talk may be avoided. A dramatist sometimes commits the mistake of being absorbed in the development of the character to such an extent that those qualities which do not influence the action may also be mentioned. This is called over characterisation , characterisation in incriminate Shakespeare of this tendency.. Impersonality is another necessary condition in characteriisation. Unlike the novelist, the dramatist has to extend apart from his characters.He cannot take them to pieces and lay their soul bare before us or pass judgement upon them. The plot and the utterance of the characters are the nevert heless means by which the dramatist can reveal his men, and women, their thoughts, their motives and passions. The dramatist, therefore, makes use of movement of the story, then crises and situations in it to display the intellectual and moral qualities of his characters. In the lyric of Hudson, We know them by what they do, as the tree is known by its product. In a good play, as in a good novel plot rests upon character.A number of men and momen of different dispositions, motivated by different passions asr brought together and the clash of their interests constitutes the plot. The evacuation of the story then reveals thir dispositions, their motives and passions. parley plays an important role in characterization. The characters exhibit their passion and motives, feelings and conflicts in their utterances. When the interest of the drama is psychological, the plot concerns itself rather with the play of the forces behind action, and then dialogue becomes an adjunct to action or an integral part of it.Dramatic dialogue as a means of characterization can be buildified under two heads. They are utterances of a given person and the remarks made about him by the other characters in the play. In the words of modern psychological playwrights like Ibsen, the utterances of the given person serves the purpose. Shakespeare generally reveals the fundamental qualities of his characters as nearsightedly and as clearly as possible. Though self-portrayal is the principal means of characterization by dialogue, the comments made by others about a person may be add to it. It is not correct to take every work uttered by a character as an indication of his nature.His situation, his sympathy, antagonism and similar aspects should be taken into consideration. Occasional phrases uttered by a man can never be a reliable charge to his character unless they are reinforced by various other utterances separated through the play. Shakespeare uses this method in his The merchant o f Venice. Antonio is praised lavishly by all the other characters in the play. Salanio speaks of him as the good Antonio, Lorenzo refers to him as a true gentlemen, Gratiano loves him abundantly, and the gaoler grants him special privileges.The same method is sedulous in telling the character of Brutus inn Julius Caeser too. Soliloquy, which is a minor subdivision of digression is another means employed by the dramatists to take his audience down into the dark recesses of a persons nature. Certain aspects of a mans character cannot be revealed in his action or his own word. neither can the dramatist dissect his men and women as the novelist does. He, therefore, makes the characters themselves do ht work of dissextion, for we cannot actualize them well unless we know the workings of their mind.They think aloud, and we overhear what they say. A man, especially a villain, cannot disclose his design to a confidant, and in such a case, he is allowed to reason then imagine, not that t he man is talking to himself or to us, but further thinking, and that we are concealed spectators of his thoughts. Modern critics however, excoriate the use of Soliloquy, especially in realistic plays,. It is now regarded not only as clumsy, but also as non-dramatic, and the play that contains it is stigmatized as unstylish.Modern critics accept the confidant, but also on condition that he has an essential part in the action. The different eccentric persons of drama Drama has been divided broadly speaking into two categories . Tragedy and Comedy, the former dealings with adversity and unhappiness, and the latter dealing with joy and mirth. Aristotle in his poetics defined tragedy as artistic sour of an action that is serious, complete in itself, and of adequate magnitude. He gave immenseness to suffering or rather, an incident of a destructive or nasty sort, such as bowelless death or physical harassment.In purchase order to evoke grace, he recommended a hero neither to o good nor wholly vicious, but brought low through some faulting of judgement or shortcoming known as hamartia or sad flaw. It existed within the character of the hero, but inn modern plays, the sad law exists in the milieu more than in the hero who merely becomes a victim of external circumstances. The effect of tragedy, according to Aristotle, is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear in such a way as to effect that special purging and relief known as catharsis. It can be brought about by proper constructions of the plot, which must have a beginning, a middle and an end.Pity and fear are aroused not merely by the complete action but by salient incidents in the plot. Tragedy can be divided in the basis of form and content. From the point of view of form or structure, it is divided into the determinate and the quixotic tragedy. The former is based on Greek conventions, and the latter follows it own rules. One of the main features of the classical tragedy is the Chorus. It is c onsisted of a band of singers and dancers. In Greek tragedy the men and the women forming the Chorus belonged to a lower social rank than the chief characters.Its main function was to report the events that occurred off stage and to make some comments from time to time. In the preface to Merope, Mattew Arnold explains the function of the chorus as to collect and weigh the impression which the action would at each stage make on a pious, thoughtful mind. It deepened the feeling aroused in the spectacular by reminding him of the past, and by indicating what was to come. To combine, to harmonize and to deepen the feelings excited in the audience by sight of the play was the function of the chorus.Its importance dwindled as Greek drama developed. In Aeschylus, it takes part in the action, but in Sophocles, it becomes a mere commentator, and in Euripides, it is a lyric element. The Elizabethan dramatists in England reduced it to a single speaker, unrelated rest of the characters, who spok e the prologue or occasional interpretations of the plot. In modern plays it is rarely used as in Eliots Murder in the Cathredal. The trinity Unities is another feature of the classical tragedy. The conjecture of unities was first propounded by Aristotle a Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C. They are of time, action, and place. Actually Aristotle mentioned only two . Unity of time and whiz of action. The unity of place was implied in the first, by the unity of action he meant that the story should be the imitation of one action, and of the whole of this , and that the parts should be so arranged that if any of them is transposed or taken away the whole would become different and change. By the unity of time, mentioned in Poetics 5 he meant that tragedy should confine itself to ne revolution of the sun, or some exceed the limit.His statement (Poetics 17) that, as contrasted with epic, tragic consequences are short and (Poetics 26) confined in less extended limits crowde d into a narrow compass, is the nearest he comes to any utterance regarding Unity of place. In short, Aristotles requirements were interpreted to mean that the action of the play should be a unified whole, the time should be limited to twenty-four hours, and the scene should be unchanged, or it should at least remain within the limits of a single city.According to some, Aristotle, insisted on the unity of action only, and the other two unities were added by critics of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They argued that verisimilitude an illusion of reality could be achieved only by the ceremony of the three unities. In England amative tendencies were stronger than academic precepts and therefore, the playwrights violated the theory of the unities came from Dr. Johnson who defended the amative playwrights for following laws of nature rather than those of art imposed by the critics.It is universally admitted that more than Sophocles and Aeschylus, Seneca, the Roman dramatis t, influenced the tragic writers of the renaissance in England. It happened so on account of the melodramatic elements in his plays and because he wrote in Latin which was precious more than Greek then. His understanding of the working of human emotions commended itself to he Elizabethan playwrights in England. Moreover, Seneca showed in his plays a moral tone and system of philosophy popular in England. The moral purpose and the rhetorical methods of Senecan play appealed to them.While Aeschylus, Sophoclus, and Aristotle believed that man had some chance for happiness. , Seneca showed that man was sure to be beaten. But he introduced a stoical remedy that appealed to the Elizabethan dramatists. Senecan plays were immersed in honours, epigrammatial moralizing and stichomuthia or line repartee. The Senecan tradition also associated with marvelous arents like ghosts. Kyds Spanish Tragedy, and Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth show Senecan influence. The Neo-classical tragedy departed f rom the Senecan model in two points. They were the introduction of romantic love and the dropping out of chorus.The ancient playwrights held the opinion that the introduction of romantic love would mar the dignity of the hero and the high seriousness of the narrative. The Neo-classicists, however, trudged in the footsteps of the classicist in observing the Three Unities rigorously, and in making the drama basically narrative. Nearly everything, especially of a violent character, happens, in a neo-classical theory, off the stage and is narrated to the audience. The neo-classicists as well as the romantic dramatists dealt with great legends of the past and were in this respect not different from classicist.The chief characters were all majesty, far above the ordinary human beings. The dialogues were stately, devoid of homely phrases, and mostly poetic. No attempt was made by the neo-classicists to mirror ordinary life. The romantic plays, though dealing with aristocratic character, we re different in the method of treatment. The tragic hero is placed in a common world, among ordinary people. The dialogue had umteen touches of familiarity and even colloquialism. Realistic details like King Lears famous, Pray you, undo this button be. Thus the romantic tragedy was a combination of the idealistic and realistic elements.To the romantic dramatists, unity of action meant not a single action, but thoroughgoing connection among the various action presented in the play. Subplots, like the comic plot in Shakespeares The Tempest were introduced, provided the two plots were independent. Moreover, the romantic drama is, opposed the neo-classical plays, a drama of action. Nearly, everything happens in the stage. Duels are fought, murders and suicides committed, and battles waged in full view of the spectators. The play of Shakespeare and his contemporaries thus satisfied the appetite of the Elizabethan audience for the action.The romantic dramatists differed from the neo-c lassicists in their attitude towards the theory of unities too. They ignored the unity of time and place. Even Shakespeare moved his scenes from town to town, and from country to country, and described the events of many years. tragical comedy is a new form of play. The classical dramatists never allowed any comic element to enter their tragedies though they allowed serious element in their comedies. But the romantic playwrights disregarded this line of demarcation between tragedies and comedies. They freely mingled tragic and comic scenes in their plays.Addison calls it One of the monstrous inventions that ever entered into a poets thought. Dyrden agreed with him by commenting, There is no theater in the world which has nothing so absurd as English tragic-comedy. Though considered a non-Aristotlean form, the trig-comedy was successful. Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice is an example for it. The important characters in tragi-comedies were drawn from both the high class and the l ow class. A serious action is introduced as threatening the protagonist who, by a sudden change of fortune, escapes and the play ends happily.The term tragic-comedy is sometimes applied to play with paradigm plots, one serious and the other comic. On the basis of content, tragedy may be divided into various characterwrites. One of them is the horror tragedy, developed in England in the early part of seventeenth century by carrefour and Wesbter. The appeal to the audience is made in these plays, not by characters, but by incidents. The aim of the writers who wrote horror tragedies was stage sensationalism. The inner struggle in these tragedies depends upon external events. Horror from situation dominates these plays. An example is The Duchess of Malfi.The Heroic tragedy was cultivated during the Restoration Period by a number of dramatists, the prominent among whom are Dryden and Otway. The subjects of these plays were love and valour and the themes were developed to epic magnit ude. An air of exaggeration prevailed in them. Dryden himself said, Heroic play is the representation of nature wrought up to a high pitch. The scenes in them were laid in distant countries like Peru, India and Mexico. The characters were men of superhuman power and women of immortal beauty and unattainable virtue. The speeches were magnificent, pronounced by a declamatory style.The heroic meter, instead of blank verse, was employed in them. Its Artistic beauty and effect were marred by its artificially and exaggeration. Domestic tragedy was a type of play scripted in the eighteenth century. The term is also applied to some of Ibsens plays and some Elizabethan tragedies like A Woman Killed with Kindness. It is a serious play, realistic in style with its hero drawn from the low or middle class and its action concerned with personal or municipal matters. The domestic tragedies were written mostly in prose. They were devoid of emotional force and was based on pity and sympathy.An exa mple is Lillos The London Merchant. Comedy, according to Aristotle, deals with some defect or ugliness that is painful or destructive. The characters, mostly from low classes were drawn from observation and experience. The writers were often sarcastic and the characters became caricatures of actual human beings. The plots were less complicated than those of tragedy. Misunderstandings and mistaken identities played a prominent role in them. Yet a good comedy can penetrate deeply into the roots of the human nature, and make the audience aware of mans limitations.Aristotle believed that the play is rendered comic by making the characters in it worse than they are, thereby making them objects of merriments. Ben Johnson also believed that whatever is crooked in men provokes laughter. A number of critics from Kaunt to Hazlitt have found that the starting time of laughter is incongruity. In sidneys opinion also, Laughter almost ever cometh of things most disproportioned to ourselves an d nature. Allardyce Nicoll traces the source oof laughter to a desire for spillage from the restraints of society.It goes contrary to Bergsons view that the source is automatism which implies that the conditions of comedy are unsociableness on the part of the object of laughter. The first regular drama in English in the form of a comedy was Ralph Roister Doister written by Nicholas Udall in 1550 or so. The writer seems to have been influenced much by Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. The second English comedy was Grammer Gurtons provoke of doubtful writership performed at Christs college in Cambridge in 1552. Both these comedies had the classical division into five acts, and the action was limited to a single day and a single locality.On the basis of form, the comedy may be divided into classical and romantic comedies, which differ from each other in the same manner the two types of tragedies do. On the basis of content, comedy may be divided into various types. The comedy o f Humours was written chiefly by Ben Johnson who used the term humours in the medieval sense in which it reffered to the four fluids blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile in the human body. According to the theories of humours, a persons physical, mental and moral conditions are determined by the state of his humours.An imbalance in their proportion bear on the behaviour of the person, and a perfect balance created an ideal man. The dramatists who adopted this theory designed humourous characters, whose behavior was determined by a single humour. Ben johnsons Every Man in His Humouris the earliest play written in this way in 1598. Shakespeare has introduced humourous characters like the melancholy Jacques in As You like it. Johnson drew comedy down to real life, using it to present the follies of contemporary London. The comedy of humours disregarded humour as the term is used now.It depended on wit and satire. The comedy of Manners developed in the Restoration period. The wri ter were influenced by the French dramatist Moliere and the Spanish dramatist Claderson. It is realistic in nature, and concentrated on the activities, intrigues and amorous achievements of gay, light men and women who used to meet in cafes, chocolate houses, clubs and gambling centres in London. Reputations were murdered and Clandestine love affairs were carried out by them. A lot of senseless prattle went on with scandal mongering in the air.This degrade life of the aristocratic classes of the day is presented in these comedies. Satire was an integral part of these comedies. It was the satire at the follies of those who strive to enter the elegant circle by plotting against their rivals and competitions in love. Besides satire, it made use of wit which is seen in the repartees that abound in these plays. It has been critised for its obscenity and immorality. The Genteel Comedy was developed by Colley Cibber in the middle of the eighteenth century. His The Careless Husband is reg arded as the first civil comedy in English.The term was first used by Addison for the type of comedy that portrays more artificial life than the comedy of manners. Affectations ruled the life of the upper class society then, and these affectations are presented in humorous manner in these comedies. Laughter arises not out of the playful fancies of intellectual men, but ou of the affectations of the high class society. The Comedy of Intrigue came into inception in the days of Fletcher and continued to be popular till the end of the eighteenth century. In this type of comedy laughter arises out of the disguises and the intrigues and complications of the plot.An important writer of this type of comedy is Fletcher. The play captures our attention with a series of situations leading to infinite mistakes and amusing denouements. There is teentsy wit, no humour, no satire, but there are several comic situations. Its laughter depends on external sources, and it provides little intellectu al mirth. The Sentimental Comedy of the eighteenth century was a response against the comedy of manners of the Restoration period. The sentimental comedy was opposed to the light-hearted fun in the comedy of manners.In fact, it is opposed to the spirit of comedy itself. Humour is determined out of it, and as Allardyce Nicoll says, it presented tears in place of laughter. The place of humour was taken by pathos. Wit or brilliance had no place in this type of comedy. The writer aimed at moral edification, for they felt that the thwack of the readers had been degraded by obscenity and vulgarity depicted in the comedy of manners. Distressed middle class characters were presented in these comedies to evoke sympathy. The principal writers of this type of comedy were Richard Steele, Huge Kelly and Cumberland.It developed not only on account of the theatrical and social changes of the time, but also because the rising middle class demanded a different type of comedy. The sentimental come dies provided moral lectures and lacked emotional appeal. Hazlitt competently says, It is almost a misnormer to call them comedies they are rather homilies in dialogue. The One Act Play The origin of the one-act play can be traced back to the short farces that flourished in Italy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries and the miracle and mystery plays of became a curtain-raiser. In 1903 when W. W.Jacobs play The Monkeys Paw was acted as a curtain-raiser, it appealed to the audience so much that most of the people left the theatre when the curtain descended upon this play became a series rival to the long play. The one-act play may be tragic as in Synges Riders to the Sea, it can be didactic as Willis Halls The Days beginning, it can be comic and satirical Houghtons The Dear Departed, or oit can be a fantasy like Lord Dunsanys The Golden Doom. It can be farcial too Arnold Bennets The Stepmother, or melodramatic like The Monkeys Paw. It can be written in verse like Christop her Frys A Phoenix too Frequent.The outstanding diagnostic of the one-act play is that it turns upon a single idea or situation, presenting a single mood or single aspect of character, though it presents a conflict like long plays. A few characters are introduced and the interest is concentrated on a single dominant character in whom a single trait is revealed in a flash. Dialogues are short, and the dramatist cannot unities of action, time and place are observed. It has an immense succeeding(a) because modern people have less time and inclination for long plays, it is cheaper to produce, and can be performed by amateurs.Above all, the growth of radio and television has made it popular. The importance of the opening scene of the play The Exposition as given in the essay on drama. Soliloquy and the Aside The aside like the soliloquy indicates that dialogue is not the only substitute for the dramatist for direct analysis and commentary of the novelist. Soliloquy is a convention by w hich a character, alone on the stage, utters his thoughts aloud. The audience is thus provided with the information necessary to understand the characters motives and the state of mind.Aside is another similar stage device in which a character, not necessarily alone on the stage, expresses his thoughts in a short speech which is supposed to inaudible to the other characters on the stage. Both these conventions, prevalent in the Elizabethan and later drama, were adopted by the dramatist to take the audience down into hidden recesses of a persons nature. The dramatist, being denied the privilege o dissect his characters as the novelist does, has to resort to such means to enable the audience and readers to understand his characters well.In soliloquy and aside the characters are not supposed to be speaking to us or to themselves, but they are merely thinking aloud. The conventions, however, fell into disuse in the nineteenth century when realism was insisted upon. Melodrama Melos is a Greek term meaning song, and the term melodrama wass, therefore, applied to musical accompaniment was a characteristic of most of the plays, because legitimate plays were permitted only in the Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres while musical entertainment had no such restrictions at all. In melodrama the hero and heroine were embodiments of virtue, and the villain was a monster of evil.The plot was centered round intrigues and violent effect and emotional excitement. Now the term melodrama is applied to any work that contains improbable events and sensational actions. Tragic Flaw / Hamartia In Aristotles view, tragedy should evoke pity. To do so he recommended a hero neither superlatively good and just or wholly vivious and depraved. He brought to misery through some mistaken act caused by an mistake in his judgement or some shortcoming in his nature. This flaw of judgement is called hamartia or tragic flaw. It exists within the character and causes the tragedy.In Greek tragedi es a common form of hamartia was pride which tempts a man to disregard divine power. It moves us to pity because the hero is not an essentially evil man, and his misfortune is far more than what he deserves. In modern social drama the tragic flaw often exists in the milieu, and the hero becomes a victim of external circumstances. Catharsis Catharsis in Greek signifies purgation or purification. The effect of tragedy, according to Aristotle, is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear in such a way as to effect purging and relief, and this is known as catharsis in tragedy.Recently, Aristotles Catharsis has been interpreted as applying not to the effect on the audience, but to an element within the play itself. It then signifies the purgation of the guilt tie to the heros tragic act by demonstrating in the course of the drama that the hero performed this act without knowledge of its nature. Aristotle distinguishes the tragic from comic and other forms by this effect. In any case, he a ccounts for the extraordinary fact that many tragic representations of suffering, defeat and death leave on the audience a feeling, not of depression, but of relief and exaltation. Comic ReliefComic relief is the relief provided by a spell of fun between two serious scenes or just before a serious incident in a play. It is achieved by the use of a humourous characters and their speeches. This was common in Elizabethan tragedy. They are necessary to provide a sort of relaxation to the audience after witnessing a grave scene or to prepare themselves for a grave incident. Sometimes the comic relief is provided by an intrusive episode or dialogue. It not only alleviates the tension, but also adds variety to the play . in some plays they become an integral part of the play and serve to intensify the tragic note.An example is the Porter Scene in Shakespeares Macbeth. Dramatic Irony Dramatic Irony s an utterance by a character in a play when he is stupid of the real significance of his wo rds. It is a situation in which the audience shares with the author knowledge of something which the speaker in the play is ignorant of. The character acts in a way inappropriate to the circumstances or says something which turns out to be true later though he did not expect such a turn of events. Writers of Greek tragedy, who generally borrowed their plots of this device.For instance, in Sophocless Oedipus, the king (Oedipus) hunts for the evil-doer who has brought plague upon Thebes without being aware that the culprit is himself. The English floor plays Chronicle plays are plays for which the source is the Chronicle, or rather, record of events in the chronological order preserved in a kings court. These historical materials are dramatized into archives plays. In England, Marlows Edward II, and are taken from Holinsheds Chronicles. They were popular in the Elizabethan period when patriotic fervor rising out of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 reigned supreme in English society.The early chronicle plays merely presented a series of events during the reign of an English King. The plays were effective on the account of the battles presented on the stage and the pageants and spectacles that attended the victory in battle. Marlowe, for the first time selected and rearranged materials from Holinshed Chronicles for his Edward II. The Elizabethan chronicle plays are often called history plays. agreement in drama Parallelism and contrast are two elements in the composition of the plot of a play.The central idea of one part of the action reappears in another part of it, and each serves to illustrates and reinforce the other. Shakespeare seems to have been very fond of this stage device, for he often uses it to add to the dramatic interest of the story. However, the best example of balance in Shakespearean play is found in King Lear, the two plots of which correspond in every detail. Shakespeare has here worked upon two narratives from two sources. In one story we come across a don deceived in the character of his daughters, ultimately getting real love from the one he had spurned.In the other story, we have a father deceived in the character of his sons, finding love in the one he has tried to kill. The Shakespeare, each supplementing the other in tragical emotions. A sort of burlesque parallelism is found in the comic scenes in Marlowes Doctor Faustus. The tragic hero Aristotle recommended for the tragedy a hero who is neither too good nor too evil. This is best seen in Shakespeares tragedies. His heroes are all men of high rank and great eminence, but they are brought low by some weakness in their nature.In Macbeth, it was indomitable ambition, in Othello it was an over-credulous nature, and in hmlet, it was a wavering spirit. Tragedy proceeds from the character or the actions of the hero. But percentage or circumstances also plays a dominant role in bringing about the tragedy. The suffering and calamity that fall to the lot of the hero are not of the ordinary type. They are exceptional. Macbeth is pricked by a hangdog conscience to such an extent that he feels life is a insignificant tale, told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.